<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestsutmb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Тамбовского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1810-0201</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-5825</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Derzhavin Tambov State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20310/1810-0201-2025-30-2-541-564</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestsutmb-1583</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТРАН</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOREIGN COUNTRIES’ HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внешние связи Уэльса и Северной Ирландии (1998–2024 гг.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>External relations of Wales and Northern Ireland (1998–2024)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-6808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минкова</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minkova</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минкова Кристина Владимировна, доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры американских исследований, зам. директора Центра канадских исследований</p><p>199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7/9</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56401887900</p><p>ResearcherID: M-6859-2016</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina V. Minkova, Dr. Sci. (History), Professor of American Studies Department, Deputy Director of Canadian Studies Center</p><p>7/9, Universitetskaya embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56401887900</p><p>ResearcherID: M-6859-2016</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kristina_minkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дулатов</surname><given-names>Р. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dulatov</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дулатов Руслан Эльдарович, стажер Центра канадских исследований</p><p>199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan E. Dulatov, Trainee of the Center for Canadian Studies</p><p>7/9, Universitetskaya embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dulatov_ruslan@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>541</fpage><lpage>564</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минкова К.В., Дулатов Р.Э., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минкова К.В., Дулатов Р.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minkova K.V., Dulatov R.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestsutmb.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1583">https://vestsutmb.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1583</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. С конца 1990-х гг. автономные части унитарного Соединенного Королевства начали заявлять о собственных интересах на международной арене. Внешние сношения Северной Ирландии и Уэльса любопытны не только с точки зрения теории парадипломатии; после выхода Великобритании из Европейского союза Северная Ирландия оказалась пограничным регионом, что привело к росту ее международных контактов, а также к изменениям ее саморепрезентации и политики Лондона в отношении этой автономии. Проведен сравнительный анализ международной деятельности двух автономных частей Великобритании. Благодаря происходящему с начала XXI века процессу деволюции власти Уэльса, Северной Ирландии и Шотландии получили некоторые права на управление своими территориями, а также начали развивать свои внешние связи. Рассмотрены сходства и различия подходов Северной Ирландии и Уэльса к их международной деятельности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Источниковой базой послужили сайты правительств Северной Ирландии и Уэльса, программные документы, касающиеся их внешних связей, материалы прессы. Методология исследования базируется на сравнительном анализе и изучении документов. Использованы различные теоретические концепции парадипломатии и система критериев измерения международной деятельности регионов А.С. Кузнецова.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Показано, что в проведении своей международной деятельности Уэльс и Северная Ирландия ставят перед собой разные цели, используют различные подходы, сотрудничают с разными партнерами. Разнятся также их оценки деятельности национального внешнеполитического ведомства по защите интересов автономных частей Соединенного Королевства.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Северная Ирландия и Уэльс обладают сходным набором компетенций, сходными интересами и возможностями в области развития своих внешних связей и сходным набором правительственных и вневедомственных инструментов для их реализации. Подход Уэльса можно назвать более современным, поскольку его власти делают упор на продвижение региона на мировой арене при помощи новых технологий. При этом Уэльс более склонен к диверсификации своих международных контактов, а Северная Ирландия, по естественным причинам, тяготеет больше к своему южному соседу.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Importance</title><p>Importance. Since the late 1990s, the autonomous parts of the unitary United Kingdom have begun to assert their own interests in the international arena. The foreign relations of Northern Ireland and Wales are interesting not only from the point of view of the theory of paradiplomacy; after the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, Northern Ireland turned out to be a border region, which led to an increase in its international contacts, as well as to changes in its selfrepresentation and London’s policy towards this autonomy. A comparative analysis of the international activities of the two autonomous parts of Great Britain is carried out. Due to the devolution process that has been taking place since the beginning of the 21st century, the authorities of Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland have gained some rights to manage their territories, and have also begun to develop their external relations. The similarities and differences between the approaches of Northern Ireland and Wales to their international activities are considered.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The source base is provided by the websites of the Northern Ireland and Wales governments, policy documents concerning their external relations, press materials. The research methodology is based on comparative analysis and study of documents. Various theoretical concepts of paradiplomacy and A.S. Kuznetsov’s system of criteria for measuring the international activity of regions are used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It is shown that in their external relations Wales and Northern Ireland set different goals, use different approaches and cooperate with different partners. They also differ in their assessments of the activities of the national foreign policy agencies to protect the interests of the autonomous parts of the United Kingdom.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Northern Ireland and Wales share a similar set of competencies, similar interests and opportunities in developing their external relations and a similar set of governmental and nondepartmental instruments for their implementation. Wales' approach can be described as more modern, with its authorities emphasizing the promotion of the region on the world stage through the useof new technologies. At the same time, Wales is more inclined to diversify its international contacts, while Northern Ireland, for natural reasons, gravitates more towards its southern neighbor.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>парадипломатия</kwd><kwd>идентификационная парадипломатия</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>внешние связи</kwd><kwd>Уэльс</kwd><kwd>Северная Ирландия</kwd><kwd>деволюция</kwd><kwd>унитарное государство</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>Брекзит</kwd><kwd>Великобритания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>paradiplomacy</kwd><kwd>identity paradiplomacy</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>external relations</kwd><kwd>Wales</kwd><kwd>Northern Ireland</kwd><kwd>devolution</kwd><kwd>unitary state</kwd><kwd>Europe Union</kwd><kwd>Brexit</kwd><kwd>United Kingdom</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soldatos P. An explanatory framework for the study of federated states as foreign policy actors // Federalism and international relations: The role of subnational units / eds. H. Michelmann, H. Soldatos. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 334 p. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198274919.003.0002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soldatos P. (1990). An explanatory framework for the study of federated states as foreign policy actors. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 334 p. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198274919.003.0002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lecours A. Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. The Hague, 2008. 22 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lecours A. (2008). Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. The Hague, 22 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanalla M. The Phenomenon of paradiplomacy in the Czech Republic: representative difficulties in the concept of paradiplomacy in the subnational unit of the Znojmo Region // İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2014. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 159-172. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.73524</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanalla M. (2014). The Phenomenon of paradiplomacy in the Czech Republic: representative difficulties in the concept of paradiplomacy in the subnational unit of the Znojmo Region. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 159-172. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.73524</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Criekemans D. Regional Sub-State Diplomacy Today. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. 421 p. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004183575.i-210</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Criekemans D. (2010). Regional Sub-State Diplomacy Today. Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 421 p. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004183575.i-210</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammed A.J. The politics of Iraqi Kurdistan: towards federalism or secession?: diss. … Doctor of Philosophy in Government at the University of Canberra. Australia, 2013. 153 p. https://doi.org/10.26191/n39b5819</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammed A.J. (2013). The politics of Iraqi Kurdistan: towards federalism or secession?: diss. … Doctor of Philosophy in Government at the University of Canberra. Australia, 153 p. https://doi.org/10.26191/n39b5819</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Der Derian J. On Diplomacy: a Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford, 1987. 258 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Der Derian J. (1987). On Diplomacy: a Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford, 258 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Благодатских В.Г., Керимов А.А. Концепт парадипломатии в политологическом дискурсе: сущность и основные направления исследований // Социально-политические науки. 2017. № 6. С. 31-36. https://elibrary.ru/ylcfof</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blagodatskikh V.G., Kerimov A.A. (2017). The concept of paradiplomacy in the political discourse: the nature and main directions of research. Sotsial’no-politicheskie nauki = Sociopolitical Sciences, no. 6, pp. 31-36. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/ylcfof</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ливанова И.В., Саламов Р.Р. Парадипломатия регионов Бразилии: полномочия и предметы ведения // Власть. 2019. Т. 27. № 1. С. 256-262. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i1.6261, https://elibrary.ru/yzpvvj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livanova I.V., Salamov R.R. (2019). Paradiplomacy of the regions of Brazil: authorities and areas of responsibility. Vlast’ = The Authority, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 256-262. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i1.6261, https://elibrary.ru/yzpvvj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiavon J.A. The International Relations of Sub-State Governments in Mexico: A Comparative Analysis with Ten Federal Systems: diss. … Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs. San Diego, 2016. 425 p. https://elibrary.ru/vpnimp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiavon J.A. (2016). The International Relations of Sub-State Governments in Mexico: A Comparative Analysis with Ten Federal Systems: diss. … Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs. San Diego, 425 p. https://elibrary.ru/vpnimp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимов Ю.Г. Парадипломатия как средство выражения региональной идентичности субъектов федераций // Управленческое консультирование. 2016. № 2 (86). C. 25-33. https://elibrary.ru/vpnimp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov Yu.G. (2016). Paradiplomacy as a way of promotion of regional identity of the subjects of federations. Upravlencheskoe konsul’tirovanie = Administrative Consulting, no. 2 (86), pp. 25-33. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/vpnimp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jain P. Japan’s Subnational Governments in International Affairs. London: Routledge, 2005. 240 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203413906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jain P. (2005). Japan’s Subnational Governments in International Affairs. London, Routledge Publ., 240 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203413906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolff S. Paradiplomacy: scope, opportunities and challenges // The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs. 2007. Vol.10. № 1. P. 141-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolff S. (2007). Paradiplomacy: scope, opportunities and challenges. The Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs, vol.10, no. 1, pp. 141-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поваляшко Е.С. Генезис внешних связей субнациональных регионов унитарных стран внутри стран Европейского союза как часть европейского политического процесса: дис. … канд. полит. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 2023. 428 с. https://elibrary.ru/tnrdnc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Povalyashko E.S. (2023). Genezis vneshnikh svyazei subnatsional'nykh regionov unitarnykh stran vnutri stran Evropeiskogo Soyuza kak chast’ evropeiskogo politicheskogo protsessa. Cand. Sci. (Politology) diss. St. Petersburg, 428 p. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/tnrdnc</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paquin S. Paradiplomatie et relations internationales. Théories des stratégies internationales des régions face à la mondialisation. Bruxelles, 2004. 196 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paquin S. (2004). Paradiplomatie et Relations Internationales. Théories des Stratégies Internationales des Régions Face à la Mondialisation. Bruxelles, 196 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимов Ю.Г. Международная деятельность субнациональных акторов и внешняя политика государства: варианты взаимодействия и интерпретации // Сравнительная политика. 2021. Т. 12. № 3. С. 33- 41. https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2021-10026, https://elibrary.ru/faqcwj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov Yu.G. (2021). International activities of subnational actors and foreign policy of the nation state: models of interaction and interpretations. Sravnitel’naya politika = Comparative Politics Russia, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 33-41. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2021-10026, https://elibrary.ru/faqcwj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuznetsov A.S. Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy. Subnational Governments in International Affairs. London; New York: Routledge, 2015. 174 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov A.S. (2015). Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy. Subnational Governments in International Affairs. London, New York, Routledge Publ., 174 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кагриманян А.С. Международная деятельность европейских этнонациональных регионов (Каталония, Фландрия и Шотландия) и субъектов Российской Федерации (Татарстан, Москва и Санкт- Петербург): проблемы и сравнительный анализ: дис. … канд. полит. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 2020. 312 с. https://elibrary.ru/fitqph</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kagrimanyan A.S. (2020). Mezhdunarodnaya deyatel’nost’ evropeiskikh etnonatsional’nykh regionov (Kataloniya, Flandriya i Shotlandiya) i sub’’ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Tatarstan, Moskva i SanktPeterburg): problemy i sravnitel'nyi analiz: Cand. Sci. (Politology) diss. St. Petersburg, 312 p. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/fitqph</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еремина Н.В. Международная деятельность Шотландии: взгляд шотландских националистов // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения. 2023. Т. 16. № 1. С. 83-97. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.105, https://elibrary.ru/rcjspu</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremina N.V. (2023). International activities of Scotland: Scottish nationalists’ positions. Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya = Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 83-97. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.105, https://elibrary.ru/rcjspu</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Браницкий А.Г., Чуприков П.Б. Основные факторы мирного процесса в Северной Ирландии на современном этапе // Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского. 2008. № 4. С. 178-183. https://elibrary.ru/jzbmwz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branitskii A.G., Chuprikov P.B. (2008). Main factors of the modern peace process in Northern Ireland. Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N.I. Lobachevskogo = Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod, no. 4, pp. 178-183. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/jzbmwz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Напалкова И.Е. Ирландская проблема в контексте «брекзит» // Magistra Vitae: электронный журнал по историческим наукам и археологии. 2019. № 1. С. 70-79. https://elibrary.ru/yvnfsw</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Napalkova I.E. (2019). The irish problem in the context of “Brexit”. Magistra Vitae: elektronnyi zhurnal po istoricheskim naukam i arkheologii = Magistra Vitae: an Electronic Journal on Historical Sciences and Archeology, no. 1, pp. 70-79. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/yvnfsw</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Охошин О.В. Последствия Брекзита для Уэльса // Научно-аналитический вестник Института Европы РАН. 2021. № 6. С. 104-111. https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran62021104111, https://elibrary.ru/rnsuiy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okhoshin O.V. (2021). Aftermath of Brexit for Wales. Nauchno-analiticheskii vestnik Instituta Evropy RAN = Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no. 6, pp. 104-111. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran62021104111, https://elibrary.ru/rnsuiy</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minto R., Rowe C., Royles E. Sub-states in transition: changing patterns of EU paradiplomacy in Scotland and Wales, 1992–2021 // Territory, Politics, Governance. 2023. Vol. 12. № 10. P. 1542-1562. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2023.2203176</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minto R., Rowe C., Royles E. (2023). Sub-states in transition: changing patterns of EU paradiplomacy in Scotland and Wales, 1992–2021. Territory, Politics, Governance, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1542-1562. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2023.2203176</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones R.W., Royles E. Wales in the World: Intergovernmental Relations and Sub-State Diplomacy // British Journal of Politics &amp; International Relations. 2012. Vol. 14. № 2. P. 250-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00502.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones R.W., Royles E. (2012). Wales in the World: Intergovernmental Relations and Sub-State Diplomacy. British Journal of Politics &amp; International Relations, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 250-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00502.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lagana G., Salazar D.S. Cross-border paradiplomacy in the Irish sea: A socio-spatial analysis. Irish studies in international affairs // Irish Studies in International Affairs. 2024. Vol. 35. № 2. P. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2024.a917040, https://elibrary.ru/ycdfoz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lagana G., Salazar D.S. (2024). Cross-border paradiplomacy in the Irish sea: A socio-spatial analysis. Irish studies in international affairs. Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2024.a917040, https://elibrary.ru/ycdfoz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunt J., Minto R. Between intergovernmental relations and paradiplomacy: Wales and the Brexit of the regions // The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 2017. Vol. 19. № 4. P. 647-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117725027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunt J., Minto R. (2017). Between intergovernmental relations and paradiplomacy: Wales and the Brexit of the regions. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 647-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117725027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bew P., Meehan E. Regions and borders: Controversies in Northern Ireland about the European Union // The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 1994. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 95-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bew P., Meehan E. (1994). Regions and borders: Controversies in Northern Ireland about the European Union. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 95-113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Connolly E., Doyle J. Brexit and the changing international and domestic perspectives of sovereignty over Northern Ireland // Irish Studies in International Affairs. 2019. Vol. 30. P. 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2019.0005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Connolly E., Doyle J. (2019). Brexit and the changing international and domestic perspectives of sovereignty over Northern Ireland. Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 30, pp. 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2019.0005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phinnemore D. Northern Ireland: A ‘Place Between’ in UK–EU Relations? // European Foreign Affairs Review. 2020. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 631-650. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020042, https://elibrary.ru/rvzorh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phinnemore D. (2020). Northern Ireland: A ‘Place Between’ in UK–EU Relations? European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 631-650. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020042, https://elibrary.ru/rvzorh</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixon P. Northern Ireland and the international dimension: the end of the Cold War, the USA and European integration // Irish Studies in International Affairs. 2002. № 13. P. 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2002.a810549</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixon P. (2002). Northern Ireland and the international dimension: the end of the Cold War, the USA and European integration. Irish Studies in International Affairs, no. 13, pp. 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2002.a810549</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Годованюк К.А. Механизм принятия внешнеполитических решений Великобритании // Обозреватель. 2012. № 2. C. 81-91. https://elibrary.ru/ophkqh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godovanyuk K.A. (2012). The UK foreign policy decision-making process. Obozrevatel’ = Observer, no. 2, pp. 81-91. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/ophkqh</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Годованюк К.А. Россия во внешнеполитической стратегии Великобритании на современном этапе: дис. … канд. полит. наук. Москва, 2015. 258 с. https://elibrary.ru/cbjvsv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godovanyuk K.A. (2015). Rossiya vo vneshnepoliticheskoi strategii Velikobritanii na sovremennom etape: Cand. Sci. (Politology) diss. Moscow, 258 p. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/cbjvsv</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy M.C. Regional representation in Brussels and multi-level governance: evidence from Northern Ireland // The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 2011. Vol. 13. № 4. P. 551-566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00446.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy M.C. (2011). Regional representation in Brussels and multi-level governance: evidence from Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 551-566. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00446.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреева Т.Л., Таловская Б.М. Влияние языковой политики Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии на развитие английского, валлийского и гаэльского языков // Вестник Томского государственного университета. История. 2017. № 50. С. 118-122. https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/50/18, https://elibrary.ru/zwdtcx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva T.L., Talovskaya B.M. (2017). The impact of the language policy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the development of English, Welsh and Gaelic. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya = Tomsk State University Journal of History, no. 50, pp. 118-122. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/50/18, https://elibrary.ru/zwdtcx</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенова Н., Шеин С., Чуприянова П., Королева Л., Белоус Ю. Деволюция как фактор политической субъектности британских регионов после Брекзита: кейсы Шотландии и Уэльса // Анализ и прогноз. Журнал ИМЭМО РАН. 2023. № 3. С. 79-90. https://doi.org/10.20542/afij-2023-3-79-90, https://elibrary.ru/szqvqo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenova N., Shein S., Chupriyanova P., Koroleva L., Belous Yu. (2023). Devolution as a post-brexit factor of the British regions political actorness: the cases of Scotland and Wales. Analiz i prognoz. Zhurnal IMEMO RAN = Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 3, pp. 79-90. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20542/afij-2023-3-79-90, https://elibrary.ru/szqvqo</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duchacek I. Perforated Sovereignties: towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations // Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units / ed. by H.J. Michelmann &amp; P. Soldatos. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 1-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duchacek I. (2001). Perforated Sovereignties: towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
