Importance. The modern stage of information and technological development of civilization is characterised by the dynamic emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and the development of tools based on them, which are being more and more introduced into various spheres of life. The education system in general, and foreign language education in particular, is no exception. Currently, there are several dozen AI tools that are actively used by students and teachers in the development of foreign language communicative skills and the development of language skills. There is a rather voluminous body of research in the academic literature devoted to the disclosure of the language teaching potential of modern AI tools. However, most of the studies are of a pilot nature. The focus of scholars’ attention is on particular methods for the development of students’ communicative skills or the development of certain language skills based on individual AI tools. The systematic consideration of the integration of AI technologies into the process of teaching foreign language majoring students – future foreign language teachers – linguistic and teaching methods training has not been the subject of a special study. The purpose of this study is to develop a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers.

Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the basis of the expert assessment method, which allows to: a) identify the language teaching potential, as well as the limitations of the most common AI tools; b) summarise and classify the available knowledge in the form of a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The materials of the study were research articles, published in Russian and foreign academic journals, indexed in Web of Science and Scopus.

Results and Discussion. A matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers has been developed. The matrix is presented according to six types of feedback from generative AI used in foreign language teaching and teaching methods. The following are the main and most accessible AI tools for teachers and students providing feedback of each type: a) Replika, LingvoBot, Multitran_bot, Slavaribot, WorldContextBot, ChatGPT, Google Assistant, EGEEnglish.ru (educational and social feedback); b) ChatGPT, YandexGPT and GigaChat (information and reference feedback); c) ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Twee (methodological feedback); d) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Turnitin, software “Antiplagiat” (analytical feedback); e) Grammarly, PaperRater, Pigai, ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Criterion (assessment and evaluative feedback); f) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, AI Poem Generator, Midjourney, Suno, Sora, Runway (conditionally creative feedback).

Conclusion. The novelty of the research consists in the development of a matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The prospects for further research lie in the development of teaching methods for aspects of language, types of speech activity, as well as specialised disciplines based on specific AI tools. In their entirety, these particular methods will enable the creation of an integrated system of linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers based on AI tools.

Importance. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are widely utilized in the fields of journalism and marketing communications, including advertising and public relations. Within the realm of promotion, AI is integrated at various stages, ranging from analyzing the target audience and devising a communication strategy, to creating media products, and subsequently evaluating the success of the campaign. Given this context, it seems appropriate to incorporate AI-powered media products as a part of the curriculum for a foreign language class. This would enable students to gain insight into the latest developments in AI technology and its application in various industries.

Research Methods. The research is based on recent developments in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in education. Specifically, it takes into account current experience that reflects the vectors and principles of using AI technologies in foreign language teaching for university students.

Results and Discussion. The options for using ChatGPT and Midjourney neural networks in the development of media texts and advertising products as part of a foreign language course for future media professionals are presented.

Conclusion. The neural networks’ use in the creation of media content and advertising materials within the context of the “Foreign Language” discipline contributes to the skills’ development in the main types of speech activity; the acquisition of the ability to utilize the learned foreign language as a tool for professional interaction in the media sector; and the enhancement of professional competencies within the field of media communication. 

Importance. This study is devoted to the communicative aspect of learning foreign languages and one of the most acute problems on the way to mastering oral foreign language speech – language barriers. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that in recent decades communicative competence has often been displaced from foreign language classes in non-linguistic universities, even despite the current competence approach, giving way to grammar and vocabulary, as well as foreign language for specific purposes. As a result, students are experiencing more and more problems with oral communication, most of which are related to the language barrier. Despite many scientific papers on this topic, their authors touch upon the theoretical aspects of the problem and, as a rule, do not offer specific methods for developing communicative competence with overcoming the language barrier.

Materials and Methods. The paper uses methods of analysis of both domestic and foreign studies, empirical methods of long-term observation, system analysis, survey and pedagogical experiment.

Result and Discussion. The main difficulties faced by students in the development of communicative competence in learning a foreign language can be divided into three groups: linguistic, psychosocial and organizational. The proposed scheme for the development of communicative competencies "Presentation – Reproduction – (Semi)controlled tasks – Communication" allows to prevent the occurrence and overcome the language barrier among students at different stages of language learning.

Conclusion. The principles underlying learning with overcoming the language barrier consist in the naturalness of communication within the framework of training sessions, the gradual complication and relevance for students of educational materials for the development of oral communication. 

Importance. Corpora have proven itself over the years as an effective tool in foreign language teaching. The current stage of technological development is characterized by the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into all spheres of society. One of the modern programs based on generative artificial intelligence is ChatGPT, which creates answers based on a huge array of data. The processes underlying the functioning of ChatGPT are similar to corpora technologies, which determines the possibility of using ChatGPT as a language corpus. The purpose of the study is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT when used as a language corpus.

Research Methods. In the course of the research, the following theoretical methods were used: the study and analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, generalization and classification of conceptual approaches of scientists. As a result of comparing the corpora technologies and the ChatGPT neural network according to nine main criteria, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the programs were identified and described.

Results and Discussion. The comparison of corpora technologies and the ChatGPT neural network according to nine main criteria showed that corpora technologies are the preferred choice in mastering lexical and grammatical skills; ChatGPT is preferable when a teacher is in need for quickly prepared training tasks and when teaching students with a lower level of cognitive abilities and foreign language proficiency.

Conclusion. ChatGPT neural network can be used in the process of learning a foreign language as a language corpus. However, the application of the program will not always be advisable, and should depend on the training task. The results of the study can be used to develop methods for teaching aspects of language based on corpus-based artificial intelligence technologies. 

Importance. The widespread use of generative artificial intelligence technologies has an impact on all stages of pedagogical activity, including the planning stage. Taking into account the language teaching features of artificial intelligence technologies, such as generativity and the ability to personalize the curriculum, it is necessary to note a significant increase in educational motivation when teaching a foreign language. This circumstance also explains the active surge in the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies by students when preparing homework or preparing for classroom classes. On the part of a foreign language teacher, there is a slightly different picture due to the lack of advanced training courses on the use of modern means of teaching a foreign language or a banal reluctance to learn something new, allowing to depart from traditional teaching methods. The purpose of this study is to determine the suitability of generative artificial intelligence technologies for pedagogical planning of a foreign language lesson.

Research Methods. At the first stage, in order to conduct research to identify the effectiveness of the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in planning a foreign language lesson, the following theoretical methods are used: the study and analysis of academic and educational literature on the integration of modern technologies into foreign languages teaching methods, comparison and synthesis of the studied information. The second stage involves the use of empirical research methods: observation, description, survey and content analysis, which allows us to study the suitability of generative intelligence technologies for pedagogical planning in preparation for foreign language classes.

Definition of Concepts. The main concepts in this study are “curriculum”, “scenario of an educational lesson”, “pedagogical planning”, “technologies of generative artificial intelligence”.

Results and Discussion. The conducted survey among students has revealed statistical data on the basis of which the suitability of a certain type of generative artificial intelligence technologies is determined when planning a foreign language lesson. Based on the analysis of the generated scenario, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are identified. The advantages include: a) the development of creative abilities; b) access to authentic materials; c) increased visibility and visualization of learning; d) the development of interdisciplinary skills; e) the efficiency of monitoring the achievements of students. Possible problems in planning the learning process using generative artificial intelligence technologies include: a) low level of ICT competence; b) low level of teaching methods competence; c) generativity as a language teaching property of artificial intelligence technologies; d) limited functionality of technologies and narrowly focused application in practice.

Conclusion. The use of generative artificial intelligence technologies when planning a foreign language lesson allows to create a basis or template blanks of a curriculum or a scenario of an educational lesson, which subsequently acquire teaching methods components with the direct participation of a teacher. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in foreign language teaching methods using generative artificial intelligence technologies. 

Importance. The development of gamification technologies in the practice of teaching activities is considered. The process of formation and development of gamification concepts in domestic and foreign education is analyzed, the main approaches to the specification of the term “gamification” are identified, it is emphasized that gamification, unlike many gaming practices, has a nonimitation nature, where, based on certain rules, an educational result is achieved.

Materials and Methods. An overview of the results of foreign empirical studies of gamification is presented, the identified positive effects of technology application and promising directions of its study are shown.

Results and Discussion. Structural and content types of gamification are identified, including the main elements and mechanisms of this pedagogical technology. The potential of pedagogical technology in the field of motivational orientation, involvement and immersion of students in the educational process is emphasized. The distinctive features and possible negative trends in the use of gamification in the educational process are identified.

Conclusion. Gamification technologies make it possible to implement most didactic principles and implement sociocultural, communicative, self-development, therapeutic, correctional and entertaining pedagogical functions. 

Importance. Proficiency in a professional foreign language at the present stage is one of the key requirements determining competitiveness in the labor market. The formation of professional foreign-language communicative competence of medical specialists gives them access to specialized research and journals, since most of them are published exclusively in English. However, in practice, when receiving medical education in residency, the main attention is paid to the study of natural sciences, while learning a foreign language is of secondary importance. Using an integrated approach to learning, it becomes possible to organize a more effective educational process through a comprehensive study of a subject discipline and a foreign language in a single educational space. The purpose of this work is to identify the psychological and pedagogical conditions of training residents of foreign language professional communication based on an integrated approach.

Research Methods. The study was conducted using theoretical and empirical methods that allow to study and analyze scientific and methodological literature on the organization of foreign language teaching based on an integrated subject-language approach. The analysis of the literature revealed certain patterns that actualize the need to comply with a number of psychological and pedagogical conditions when teaching residents of foreign language professional communication based on an integrated approach. Based on the available research, the external and internal factors underlying the psychological and pedagogical conditions aimed at optimizing the educational process were summarized.

Results and Discussion. In the course of the conducted research, the following psychological and pedagogical conditions for teaching residents of foreign language professional communication based on an integrated approach were identified: 1) motivation of residents to study professional English; 2) possession of professional foreign language competence by residents at the Advanced Mid level on the ACTFL scale; 3) formation of an integrated course of professional foreign language communicative competence and competence in the field of professional communication by the teacher; 4) the methodological dominant in the educational process are professionally oriented cases.

Conclusion. The process of teaching residents of foreign language professional communication is not an axiomatic phenomenon, therefore it is directly dependent on a number of psychological and pedagogical conditions. The identified psychological and pedagogical conditions are of a recommendatory nature and act as a starting point for teaching residents of foreign language professional communication based on an integrated approach. The results of the study can be used in the methodology of teaching foreign languages to medical students and residents. 

Importance. The natural appeal to the possibility of defining certain typological features that would contribute to the differentiation of pedagogical situations leads to the need for a certain systematization of knowledge and experience. It is relevant to consider and compare the classification basis of typologies, since there is still no certainty about how a pedagogical situation should be described.

Research methods. The comparative analysis, the content analysis, the method of interpretation and contextual analysis.

Result and Discussion. The analyzed typologies of pedagogical situations in Russian pedagogy differ in typological basis, principles, understanding of the essence of pedagogical situations, which makes their systematization ambiguous, complex and practically impossible to use in everyday pedagogical practice. Foreign typologies of pedagogical situations are built on fundamentally different grounds, based on the understanding of the essence of the educational process, participants and the nature of changes. The analysis has shown that all the studied typologies of situations do not simplify the use and systematization of pedagogical situations, but being built on mixed basis, bring confusion in understanding and operating of pedagogical situations.

Conclusion. The diversity of descriptions and ambiguity of definitions of pedagogical situations makes it difficult to create a complete typology and choose the clear basis. Based on our definition of the pedagogical situation, we considered it possible to propose clearer and more systematic basis for typology and to identify 3 types of pedagogical situations. Such a logical basis can be the ability of a pedagogical situation to reach the solution of a pedagogical task. Unlike all the analyzed situations, the proposed typology is based on clear systemic typological basis, allows differentiating and ordering of pedagogical situations, is easy to use. 

Importance. Changes in society entail the presentation of new requirements for the teacher as a specialist and personality. Today, teaching Internet-dependent students who require little communication is a specialized skill that demands emotionally intense communicative skills from teachers aimed at engaging them in a productive educational process. The communicative skills of the choreographer-teacher should contribute to the emotional and aesthetic experience formation of students. This experience is formed in the interaction process between a teacher and a student, subject to correction of age-related, individual socially conditioned deformations of the students’ personality. The purpose of the study is to establish the need for developing the communicative skills of a choreographer teacher as an effective way to enhance the emotional and aesthetic development of students.

Research Methods. The following methods are used: analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, systematization and comparison, generalization of the author’s experience, observation, which enabled the substantiation of the emotionally and aesthetically saturated communicative component of the teacher’s activity as a leader in the process of forming the emotional and aesthetic experience of students and a dance group. On the basis of the main provisions of the systemic, cultural, activity-centered, personality-focused approaches, the development of interrelated blocks of personality qualities and properties in the emotionally saturated communicative learning process is shown: cognitive, psychological-dynamic and morally significant.

Results and Discussion. It is proved that the teacher’s communicative skill are the key to achieving high educational and outcomes through the varied methods’ use of interaction with students. These skills are essential for effectively addressing their socio-psychological and personal issues. The direct correlation between the learning process results and the teacher's competence level in emotional and aesthetic communication with students has been established. A specialized course has been designed for choreographers to enhance their emotional and aesthetic component of communicative skills, which encompasses psychological, dynamic, and moral aspects of personality development.

Conclusion. Based on the results of theoretical and empirical research, the structure of an emotionally saturated, aesthetic communicative aspect of the pedagogical skill of a choreographer teacher has been developed. Success in the formation of the modern students’ emotional and aesthetic experience is achievable provided that there is a high level of communicative skills of the teacher, the formation of which is facilitated by the developed special course “Enhancing the communicative skills of a choreographer teacher”. 

Importance. Professional orientation in pedagogical fields is an effective means for the education system development. The diagnosis is an essential planning and organization component of targeted professional orientation for high school pupils. The issue of conscious selection of a teaching career is linked to the axiological aspect of the orientation for adolescents and young people, as well as to the implementation of the individualization and differentiation principles in education. A comprehensive set of diagnostic tools for targeted career guidance for high school students under modern conditions, considering the pedagogical field and its axiological significance, has not yet been defined. There is a growing need for educational initiatives and scientific support for the development of methods range for targeted career guidance, including diagnostics, to encourage students to pursue careers in the field of education. The aim of the research is to provide a theoretical basis and present the results of developing diagnostic tools for organizing differentiated professional orientation for high school students pursuing pedagogical studies. Based on systematic, predictive, individualized, and value-based approaches to professional guidance, these diagnostic tools could be useful for selecting students for teaching positions, implementing a system of personalized career counseling in a contemporary educational setting, and for admission officers involved in planning and executing career guidance programs in the field of teacher training.

Research Methods. Analysis of scientific literature and the current state of affairs in the vocational guidance and career counseling field, as well as a review of existing tools and parameters for this purpose. The research follows a logical path that begins with the career guidance organization for schoolchildren and progresses to the diagnostic instruments development (such as sample interview questions) for use in differentiated career counseling for those interested in teachingrelated fields.

Results and Discussion. The “professional orientation” concept is considered both in Russia and abroad, and the specific implementation examples of career guidance activities in education are presented. An important area of professional orientation is value orientation towards pedagogical specialties. Career guidance diagnostics includes an analysis of values, value attitude to the profession, interests, abilities, and orientation of students necessary to predict the development of personality qualities in the chosen field of training in pedagogical specialties, and the organization of differentiated career guidance. In the research course, the author’s diagnostic tools are developed – the diagnostic matrix “Career guidance interview for a future teacher”.

Conclusion. The problem of differentiated professional orientation towards pedagogical specialties among adolescents and young people is urgent and requires special attention from the state, society and the educational system. The professional orientation of high school students to pedagogical specialties includes the diagnosis of values, value attitude to the chosen profession, individual interests and abilities, improves educational results and helps to see the prospects and opportunities of everyone in the future professional field – the field of education. In addition, it reduces the risk for a person to choose an unsuitable profession and helps to successfully integrate into the professional teaching community in the future. 

Importance. The problem of creative self-development of adolescents with disabilities is very relevant, since the social adaptation of such adolescents implies the complexity of interaction with others, is characterized by an unformed skills of self-knowledge, self-organization, self-regulation, and other mechanisms of self-development. In particular, the creative self-development of adolescents with intellectual disabilities is associated with the development of thinking, motor skills, and communicative functions. This is possible through amateur theater as a form of social and pedagogical work with young people with disabilities. The purpose of the study is to determine the role and pedagogical possibilities of amateur theatrical art as a means of creative self–development of adolescents with disabilities, taking into account the specifics of adolescents with intellectual disability (mental retardation).

Research Methods. In the course of the research, such theoretical methods as generalization, comparison, etc. were used, domestic psychological and pedagogical works in the field of theater pedagogy were studied, empirical methods were used – understanding the experience of working with participants of the psychotherapeutic theater “We”.

Results and Discussion. It is revealed and substantiated that amateur theater is a means of creative development and self-development of a personality, that is, an environment where activities aimed at the personal development of adolescents with disabilities can be fully realized on the basis of the existing personal potential in accordance with the norms of morality and cultural context accepted in society. The pedagogical possibilities of theatrical art, realized in specific forms of work (trainings, sketches, effective analysis of a play, staged work, etc.) and used at various stages of organizational and creative activity of an amateur theater group, contribute to the development of appropriate skills of self-knowledge and self-organization, thinking, and communicative abilities of adolescents with intellectual disabilities (mental retardation).

Conclusions. The application of the research results contributes to the development of new methods and means of pedagogical work with young people with disabilities, the formation of an effective creative environment for their creative self-development and social adaptation. 

Importance. Teaching foreign students of engineering and technical profile to complex specific text-forming structures of scientific style of speech is a laborious process. The identification of the causes and mechanisms of the occurrence of the errors noted in the structure of a complex sentence, their analysis (identification, elimination, correction) facilitates the process of studying these important grammatical units. The purpose of the research is to develop a new approach (erratological) to the study of a complex sentence based on error analysis. Its structural and meaningful description is proposed.

 Materials and methods. The study is conducted on the basis of the Military Institute (Engineering and Technical) Military Academy of Logistics named after Army General A.V. Khrulev. The research material is a corpus of “negative material” obtained as a result of an experimental study of the speech of engineering students. The corpus of violations in a complex sentence formed the basis of the approach we developed, called the “erratological approach”. This study is also based on the analysis and generalization of scientific works on erratology.

Results and Discussion. An erratological approach to the study of complex structures of the scientific style of speech has been developed, including six main interrelated stages – the selection of grammatical material, the organization of grammatical material (its logical arrangement), the introduction of grammatical material (presentation in classes in the language of the specialty), training, practice, control, which allow you to form not only Russian-speaking professional competencies, but also skills for all types of speech activity.

Conclusion. The use of an erratological approach, namely complex work with one’s own mistakes in the classroom, will ensure the student’s undoubted interest in learning a new language, will contribute to the intensification of the educational process, enrich it with new technologies, teaching methods, a new system of tasks, will form both linguistic and professional competence.

Importance. Active mastery of a foreign language, including Russian as a foreign language, remains the desire of those who study the language. The intensification of the educational process sets the task of maintaining students' motivation for the material being studied. Game mechanics help to stimulate thinking, enhance initiative in learning. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of using game mechanics to increase students' motivation when learning Russian as a foreign language.

Materials and Methods. The material for the research was the educational and methodological complex for studying Russian as a foreign language developed by L.V. Moskovkin and L.V. Silvina “Russian Language. Textbook for foreign students.” The scientific and methodological literature is analyzed, revealing aspects of game mechanics when teaching the Russian language. An experiment is conducted to identify the role of game mechanics in the lesson. When conducting the study, the methods of participant observation, survey, and generalization are used.

Results and Discussion. The presented theoretical material makes it clear that game mechanics are neither a game nor a role-playing simulation. They control the motivation and behavior of students in the learning process. This model gradually immerses students in certain activities and develops communication skills. The author’s results of the conducted research are presented, including a description of the game mechanics.

Conclusions. It is proved that game-based learning methods contribute to the initiation of the highest levels of engagement and motivation among foreign students when learning the Russian language. The integrated approach to learning has a positive impact on the educational process and is an effective means of teaching Russian as a foreign language, providing a guarantee for the successful future development of the training program. 

Importance. One of the methods to improve the level of physical education teaching is the introduction of elective disciplines. Elective disciplines allow the student to satisfy his professional interests and personal inclinations, and give the teacher the opportunity to organize the educational process most effectively.

Materials and Methods. One of the issues of teaching is carrying out constant monitoring and recording of progress, the correct distribution of points for completing assignments. Continuous monitoring allows the teacher to identify shortcomings and issues that arise when teaching elective disciplines and timely adjust the educational process.

Results and Discussion. Using the pedagogical principles of sports-oriented physical development, we are developed a system of criteria that allows us to effectively assess the preparation of students in the process of studying the elective discipline “Table Tennis”. The assessment system is focused on the content of educational material in the module and took into account the main areas of training such as special technical training, theoretical and methodological foundations of tennis, general physical training. The assessment of the level of students’ training in special technical training is carried out by testing the skills of performing certain technical techniques. The quality and speed of performing these techniques are translated into points. During the learning process, the set of technical techniques becomes more complex or the requirements for the speed and quality of its implementation increase.

Conclusion. The presented assessment system made it possible to effectively assess the level of students’ preparation when studying the elective discipline “Table Tennis”. 

Importance. The rapid growth in the number of student sports teams in recent years has predetermined the issue of combining sports and academic activities. In this regard, the considered aspects of the processes of fatigue and recovery in amateur sports become relevant and require analysis and systematization of the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the issues of localization and mechanisms of development of fatigue, as well as the patterns and time of recovery of the athlete’s body in the process of training activities. The study purpose: analysis and systematization of scientific articles on the problem of fatigue and recovery of the athlete’s body after physical activity, determination of the fundamental scheme for the formation of the content and focus of training sessions based on the analysis of the theoretical component of the problem of fatigue and recovery during physical activity of various nature, direction and magnitude in different types of sports.

Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the basis of studies concerning the problem of interaction of the body’s life-supporting systems in the development of fatigue mechanisms, published in scientific journals, monographs of famous physiologists covering a large time period. The study is based on a systemic-structural approach, which allows, during the analysis of scientific publications, to identify the main patterns of the development of mechanisms and localization of fatigue, to put forward hypotheses regarding the prospects for developing an appropriate scheme for the formation of the content and focus of training sessions, to determine the range of issues that require instrumental confirmation of the recovery time of the athlete’s body during combining various characteristic aspects of loads in the training process. Within the framework of this study, the following research methods are used: scientific and methodological literature analysis, systematization, pedagogical observation, generalization.

Results and Discussion. In the course of the study, the main factors are identified that influence the mechanisms of the development of fatigue during work of various sizes and directions, in different intensity zones; The interrelationships of various localization systems and mechanisms of fatigue development, as well as energy supply to support the athlete’s vital activity during physical activity, are revealed. An attempt is made to substantiate the strategy of expediently combining types of training activities, the content and focus of training sessions in the preparatory period of pre-season training for students involved in hockey at Hockey club “Derzhava”.

Conclusion. Research prospects include issues of experimental substantiation of the construction of a system of training sessions, taking into account the registration of the main indicators of lifesupport systems, allowing the trainer to expediently distribute and quickly regulate training loads and ensure the effectiveness of recovery processes in the period under study. 

Importance. In the 17th–18th centuries the development and strengthening of trade and economic relations between the peoples of Eastern Caucasus and the Russian state took place, which became systematic since the second half of the 16th century. The urgency of the work is due to the importance of studying these relationships, identifying the ways in which trade and economic relations took place. The aim of the paper is to consider the relations of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with Russia, to reflect the role of cities, villages acting as trade centers between peoples.

Materials and Methods. The object of the study was trade and economic relations of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with Russia. The main scientific methods used in the paper can be attributed – the method of description, synthesis, analysis, the principle of objectivity, etc.

Results and Discussion. It is noted the growing role of cities as trade centers, through which trade routes passed to different countries. Thus, Tersky city is a link in the trade of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with the Russian state. Local feudal owners are given free trade for loyalty to the Russian state, which testified to the further development of the productive forces of the region and external economic relations. The peoples of Eastern Caucasus traded with the townspeople and merchants of Astrakhan, from Terki to Astrakhan went goods and products of Caucasian production and from Astrakhan to the mountain people are delivered Russian, Western European and Eastern goods. In the 18th century, in Eastern Caucasus there are trading centers, where the exchange of goods is conducted between the plain and the mountainous parts.

Conclusion. Initially, the trade of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with the neighboring peoples is of an exchange nature. Gradually there is a transition to the development of commodity and monetary relations, which is characteristic for foreign trade operations. The local feudal elite are mainly involved in trade, which managed the process through their own people, and later the middle classes became involved.

Importance. A number of factors are considered: the possibility of providing relevant historical information to a wide audience, the use of modern technologies for analyzing and distributing historical information, and the significant interest of historians in working within the framework of the methodology used. The purpose of the study is to offer a resource for popularizing the church history of the region. The main sources are used in the work are plans of the city of Tambov and documents from the funds of the Tambov City Duma (16) and the Mezhevaya Chancellery (29) of the State Archive of the Tambov Region, some reference and visual materials, as well as a view of the city of Tambov in 1799.

Research Methods. Both classical historical methods and the methodology of historical informatics are used.

Results and Discussion. The relevance of modern information technologies use in scientific and educational activities is substantiated. A historiographical analysis of the problem has been carried out, which relates to the theoretical part of the study. The problems associates with the localization of lost objects on modern maps and their solutions are described, which can be attributed to the practical part. Variants of references of the church history objects of Tambov city for an interactive map of the church history objects of Tambov at the end of the 18th – first half of the 19th century are proposed for consideration. The process of collecting and systematizing information for the formation of historical references of ancient religious buildings in Tambov: the Znamenskaya Church, the Church in the name of the Great Martyr Barbara and the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is described.

Conclusion. The main result of the study is the images demonstration of attaching cartographic, visual and descriptive data on the history of specific monuments of church history to maps. 

Importance. One of the main transitional period issues of reforming the judicial system of Russia in the second half of the 1860s is connecting the chambers issue of the criminal court and the civil court at the provincial level. The purpose of the study is, firstly, to identify the mechanism of connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of Russia in the second half of the 1860s, and secondly, to analyze the main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the analyzed institutions.

Materials and Methods. The main sources of the research are the following materials: archival files from the funds of the State Archive of the Voronezh Region (GAVO); normative legal acts, collections of rules and laws; materials of the periodical press; – statistical and reference publications. The methodological basis of the research was both general and particular methods of scientific cognition: the method of structural analysis; the historical-comparative method; the historicalsystemic method; the formal-logical method; other methods of scientific cognition were also used in the article.

Results and Discussion. Archival materials from the funds of the State archive of Voronezh region are analyzed, according to which it is possible to restore the connecting the chambers mechanism of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire. On the basis of the current imperial legislation, the general regulatory rules that judicial officials followed when connecting the judicial institutions in question in the second half of the 1860s are revealed. The main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the Voronezh province are identified and considered.

Conclusion. The mechanism for connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 1860s was not specifically prescribed. From November 26, 1867 to July 1, 1869, the judicial system in Voronezh province was at a transitional stage. During this period, pre-reform judicial institutions still continued to operate, at the same time new courts began to work: Voronezh and Ostrogozhsky District courts. The main problem in the functioning of the Judicial Chambers (including the united Chamber since May 1, 1868) at the transitional stage was the lack of a full-time number of judges.

Importance. Cities in Russian history have always been distinguished by their special social, political, economic and cultural status, which was also manifested in internal organizational aspects. For almost two and a half centuries, there has been a domestic city government, which has gone through many modernization stages and has become an important socio-political institution in the field. In this regard, the issues of continuity and traditions in its development remain important. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the organizational features of the urban reform of 1870 in the counties of the Central Chernozem region.

Materials and Methods. The source basis of the study is the materials of the State Archive of Tambov region and published publications of the Tambov Provincial Statistical Committee. Various legal acts are used to describe the mechanisms of regulatory regulation of urban selfgovernment. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency.

Results and Discussion. The process of implementing the reform of urban self-government in 1870 in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region lasted for several years and was mostly completed only in 1873. This situation was explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the law did not contain norms aimed at the transition from the old system of urban governance to the new one, secondly, the legislator did not set a strict time frame related to the implementation of the reform, thirdly, urban societies themselves slowed down the process of reorganizing local government, making numerous mistakes in procedural There are internal disagreements among the electors.

Conclusion. The formation of a new system of self-government in the county towns of the Central Chernozem region had a number of common legalized and arbitrary features. The “delayed” procedure for the enactment of the law made it possible to organize elections in provincial centers and form the practice of work of supervisory authorities. In some cities, the implementation of the reform was slowed down due to the incompetence of representatives of urban societies involved in the modernization of local governments. Finally, the censorship policy of the state and the unsettled mechanism for nominating candidates served as the basis for serious competition and numerous complaints that delayed the process.

Importance. Reforming the public administration system is impossible without analyzing and taking into account the historical experience of the activities of punitive authorities. Revolutionary tribunals, created as a weapon in the fight against opponents of the Bolshevik regime, became a form of legitimization of state violence. Studying the mechanism of functioning of these bodies of the Soviet system has important heuristic significance, along with the need for public understanding of the role of repression in the fight against social protest. Modern scientific publications testify to the attention of researchers to this problem. An analysis of the historiography of the issue gives grounds to assert that a promising direction in the study of the topic of “revolutionary justice” is the analysis of the activities of provincial revolutionary tribunals, as well as clarification of the nature of their relationships with other repressive authorities.

Materials and Methods. The source base for this work consists of materials identified in the funds of central and local archives and introduced into scientific circulation, most of them for the first time. The documents used made it possible to study the process of organization and practical activities of revolutionary tribunals in the Tambov province of the period 1918–1922. Factual material related to the struggle of these bodies with peasant protest is extracted from materials of local periodicals. The work used a systematic approach, as well as general scientific and historical research methods.

Results and Discussion. An analysis of the process of creating revolutionary tribunals in the Tambov province is carried out. Their place and functionality in the management system, as well as the criteria for personnel selection of their employees, are established. The role of the military revolutionary tribunal in the fight against mass desertion is studied. The nature of the relationship between the provincial regional tribunal and the local Cheka is clarified. Based on investigative materials and sentences, the nature of the charges and penalties applied to peasants, participants in rural “rebellions”, as well as food workers who committed violence during the seizure of grain are established. The repressive activities of the Tambov provincial RVT and its visiting sessions to combat and prosecute both armed rebels and the civilian population of the village assisting them are considered.

Conclusion. Based on a wide range of archival and other sources, it is established that the activities of the revolutionary tribunals of the Tambov province in the period 1918–1922 was punitive in nature and aimed at suppressing anti-government protest. 

Importance. In 2024, G.H. Bumagin, secretary of the Leningrad and Novgorod regional Committees of the CPSU(b), who played a very important role in many events of the Battle for Leningrad, as well as in the restoration of the Novgorod region in the first post-war years and actively studying the activities of the partisans and underground workers of the Leningrad region in the last years of his life, will turn 120 years old. Now, there are no biographical fundamental works about him, and in books and articles, researchers most often described his work during the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years. The purpose of the study is to examine in detail his life path. Its tasks are to establish life periods and their chronological framework, to determine the criteria for choosing chronological frameworks, to describe each life period and its features, to establish the results and contribution of G.H. Bumagin to the events that he participated in.

Materials and Methods. The research is based on archival materials from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg and the Novgorod Museum-Reserve. A descriptive-narrative, biographical methods, analysis and periodization are used for it.

Results and Discussion. Based on archival materials, it is possible to describe the formation of G.H. Bumagin as the party leader of the Leningrad region before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War and the development of his career path. In addition, his work on the formation of the resistance movement in the first months of the Battle for Leningrad, the leadership of the Commission of the eastern districts of the Leningrad region and the leadership of the Novgorod region in the first post-war years is described.

Conclusion. G.H. Bumagin had a difficult fate. A guy from a poor family who lived almost halfstarved, made every effort to get out into the world. He decided to do this by serving in the Red Army. Thanks to her, he was able to develop a political career in Leningrad and became secretary of the Leningrad and then Novgorod Regional Party Committee. They tried to blacken his name during the Leningrad case. Even though he was imprisoned without any evidence, he endured adversity with his family and, after rehabilitation, adjusted his life. When he retired, he had another front of work – studying the Resistance movement, which he led in the first months of the war. His accumulated material and work experience were subsequently useful for compiling memoirs and reports on the history of the partisan and underground movements of the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. He left valuable materials after his death, which formed the basis not only for this article, but also for other historical works. 

Importance. The history of women, the interest in which in national and foreign historiography does not wane, is a pressing problem for historians studying the Fronde in France (1648–1653). During the Civil War, active aristocratic women had the opportunity to express themselves as politicians and even as military leaders on an equal basis with men, and sometimes even overshadow them. An example of this is Mademoiselle de Montpensier who left a detailed account of her enterprises in her Memoirs. They are the main source of this research work and are supplemented by information from the “Memoirs” of another participant in the Fronde, Cardinal de Retz. The purpose of the work is to evaluate her actions in political and military events during the Fronde, to find out the reasons why the Duchess was able to become a political and military leader at a time when women did not have the right to be ministers or generals.

Research Methods. To study the materials within the «Memoirs», methods of social history, the study of sources of personal origin, and historical and comparative methods are used.

Results and Discussion. The analysis of the sources used shows that Princess de Montpensier was by no means a typical frondeur – her goals, means, and motivations were different from those used by many other “rebels”. Many aristocratic women became “oppositionists” for economic reasons – they joined parties in order to achieve personal goals, which were often selfish. The princess, young, active, physically strong and healthy, received a rich inheritance and solved political and military problems during the Fronde. The combination of personal qualities, wealth and high position in society gave her the opportunity to become the most famous and active frontwoman.

Conclusion. To summarize, it should be noted that the memoirist purposefully sought to participate in the political life of France in the mid-17th century. and achieved success. She became a more significant politician than her father, Gaston d’Orleans, and took a significant part in the activities of the party of the Prince de Condé and in the campaigns of his army. 

Importance. The main objective of the study is to find the special regulations regarding some trade goods. The research is focused on the comprehensive study of restrictions of German Zollverein’s treaty, which had affected the local and foreign trade. The analysis has formed the complex of reasons which led to the special arrangements towards the important goods. The study of particular aspects of customs reforms shows the new perspectives in the research of this topic and fulfills the image of trade connections on German territories in 1820–30s.

Materials and Methods. The main document for the research is “The treaty of customs unification” from March 22, 1833. There are also plenty of commercial press articles of that period studied, which overviewed the trade and customs changes and reforms. The analytics and synthesis methods give the possibility to have a full overview of the mentioned sources and to restore the main tendencies in trade restrictions of this epoch.

Results and Discussion. The detailed analysis highlights the most important trade goods on the German area, which were the subjects of interests for many German governments. There were the monopoly goods or the sources of big custom duties, which filled the German treasuries for decades. The threat of losing this income due to established German Zollverein, which customs taxes were supposed to be summarized and parted, led to the compromise solution in regards to some goods. The play cards, salt, tobacco and alcohol production were supposed to stay under cautious control, the trade of them was specially mentioned on the extra conditions.

Conclusion. Trade restrictions seemed to be the compromise arrangement in the customs treaty, which aimed to keep the state income safe. They were also based on law differences regarding mentioned goods and supposed to protect German industry from foreign competition. 

Importance. From 1915 to 1917, a camp for Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality functioned in Kirsanov, Tambov Governorate, who accepted the offer of the Italian government to send them to Italy and subsequently join the ranks of its armed forces. The Italian government decided to carefully select prisoners of war based on their political and national trustworthiness, thereby delaying repatriation. Prisoners of war began to write to irredentist associations in Italy and the national press, thereby putting pressure on the Italian government. As a result of these actions, the Italian government changed course to send prisoners of war as soon as possible. The activities of prisoners of war are insufficiently covered in modern historiography. The purpose of the study is the impact of the media on the Italian government, which was provided by prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army of Italian nationality in Tambov Governorate during World War I, aimed at accelerating repatriation to the Italian Kingdom.

Materials and Methods. The source base is archival materials, as well as a number of published studies. The retrospective method is used, which allows to recreate, in individual details and later sources, the actions of the Italian government in relation to Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality.

Results and Discussion. It is shown that the sending of prisoners of war to Italy was delayed at the initiative of the Italian government. The prisoners of war who were in the Kirsanov camp were able to put pressure on the Italian government with the help of the media. In the spring of 1916, the government, realizing the possible negative consequences, agreed in favor of all prisoners of war who agreed to join the Italian armed forces, rather than limiting it to a few officers who could pay for the trip.

Conclusion. While waiting to be sent to Italy, a group of soldiers and officers, being prisoners of war, contacted the national press and irredentist associations. The purpose of these appeals was to put pressure on the Italian government, which was supposed to speed up the repatriation of prisoners of war.

Importance. The purpose of the study is to consider the state of problems of war and peace in the dynamics of growing external threats to the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in 2012–2022. Among them, there is a special interest in war as a phenomenon that has once again become a radical tool for conducting interstate relations.

Research Methods. The research is based on the principles of historicism, the unity of the objective and the subjective. Along with general scientific methods, such as analysis, dialectical method, case-study, elements of decisional, historical-comparative, retrospective and other methods from interdisciplinary knowledge were used.

Results and Discussion. It is noted that the main reason for the escalation of the “hot phase” of the war is the actual refusal of the West to end the Cold War. The difference is given in the peculiarities of understanding modern war and its instruments in the goals and methods of international policy pursued by the United States using the examples of the actions of the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the Russian Federation under the leadership of President V.V. Putin. It is shown that the emerging trend towards the rejection of unilateralism, changes in the internal and external environment, was transformed into a radical political course of the United States under Barack Obama. The strengthening of the United States as a state, despite the contradictions between factions of the establishment, and its role as the center of the West, in the presence of acute inter-party discourse, under Trump is an instrument of the struggle for his global hegemony. While categorically rejecting the aggressive actions of Washington and NATO, the Russian leadership does not exclude the possibility of peaceful coexistence with the United States.

Conclusion. The period under review was not only a fixation of trends launched by the West, but also seriously transformed Russia’s national security understanding. The concept of “hybrid warfare” seems to be the most productive to describe the current stage. In order to build a more stable international security system in the 21st century, it will be necessary to take into account changes in the nature of a number of international relations fundamental problems related to the war and peace problems.

The work is dedicated to the anniversary of the Dr. habil. (History), Professor Yuri Alexandrovich Mizis. The main scientific achievements realized by Yu.A. Mizis over the years of his professorial and teaching activities, as well as the work carried out by him in the field of scientific interests, are highlighted.