The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to find new approaches to the study of modern voluntary associations as a basic institute of civil society. The purpose of the study is to identify the heuristic potential of the key categories of F. Tönnies’ sociological concept in understanding the existence and functioning of a modern civil society. The system, structural and activity approaches are used. The works of classics of sociological thought and the works of modern sociologists, engaged in civil society issues, are used. The result of the study is a comprehensive analysis of F. Tönnies’ sociological concept in the context of the formation of the classical sociological theory. The community and the society as a polar social types and stages of social evolution are characterized. The general and specific features of the essential and selective types of will are revealed. The logic of the historical process as the gradual transition from a communal solidarity to social solidarity is analyzed. The thesis of the possibility of using the concepts community and society for describing and analyzing the mechanisms of the genesis and evolution of the institutions of a modern civil society is substantiated. A new look at the nature of civil society organizations as a natural-artificial structures is represented. The process of institutionalization of civil society organizations as the transformation of the natural spontaneous components under the influence of artificial factors is studied through the prism of the sociological concept of F. Tönnies.

A lecturer of higher educational institution as a subject of pedagogy activity from the position of acmeological approach is considered. The importance of subjective development of the lecturer who is able to realize self-regulation and self-development in the process of personal-professional establishment is analyzed. It is justified that the lecturer’s activity appear in conflict resolution between highly-organized life system which he/she presents (as integrated individuality) and objective conditions of professional activities. Constructiveness of professional-pedagogic activity is inseparable from his/her subjective activity, due to which the lecturer realizes himself as a personality. It is necessary to create conditions, due or contrary to which the lecturer decides to be active and independent. The relevance of interconnection problem between individual-mental differences in lecturers of higher educational institution and corresponding personality type is founded. The difficulties, appearing while revealing individual-typological peculiarities of higher educational institution lecturer are analyzed in detail. The existing strategies of revealing types of personality: constitutional-anthropometric, factorial, block, socially-centered, motivational-dynamic, their advantages and limits are revealed. The notion “type of lecturer’s individuality” is founded. The use of integral individuality theory for revealing individual-typological peculiarities of a lecturer of higher educational institution is considered.

The tendency of requirements of organizational-manage component intensification in the activity of military specialists on physical training basing on retrospective analysis of scientific approaches to their functional-official duties is considered and the structure of complicating stage-by-stage approach formation of command-methodic and organizational skills among trainee military man both in training units and in educational institutions of Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation from the point of view of theory and physical training preparation of troops (marine force) is specified. The significant increase of functional tasks capacity of specialists in physical training of Armed Forces is caused by the necessity to prepare military men in the context of new “survival” concept introduction including the conditions of mountain and gaunt landscape, in the conditions of Arctic shelf and practice implementation of specific military-applied sport: submerged firing, submarine close-fight, improved mountain gauntlet and etc.

Present condition of skiing in accordance with the socio-economic requirements of modern society determines the growth of dynamics of sports results and place high demands on athletes, which reflects the earlier specialization of young athletes. Ski racing is very popular in our country and is a mass sport. However, in recent years there has been a downward trend in attendance child - youthful sport schools “Ski race” specialization. This is due to, first of all, lower level of professional training of coaching staff; secondly, the reduction in the level of financing of mass sports; thirdly, a decrease in the popularity of cyclic sports requiring endurance development. The preparation of sport base teams in the reserves is still important in the system of youth sport. A lot of different concepts of organization of the training process, starting from younger age teams, planned and implemented a variable combination of means and methods of training are offered. However, scientific and technological progresses in the development of technical means of movement and recovery tools have an impact on increasing results. Motor skills in the course of natural development have a period of accelerated formation (sensitive). In this specific period the quality of young athletes is the most sensitive to the effects of exercise. Consequently, for the full implementation of the laws of development of young athletes’ organism it is needed to focus on training the qualities that entered during the sensitive period. Such first condition comes quickly, and it happens in age from 7 to 16 years. Further, speed-power-quality is from 9-18 years. Then, strength is from 12-19 years. And, after all, the endurance is between 14 and 20 years. A training program based on another scheme will not be able to fully realize the biological laws of development of young skiers’ organism. Without making any emphasis on the development of qualities in mentioned periods, we will not be able to subsequently obtain the intended effect. The leading motor quality for skiers is endurance. It enters into the period of intense natural development the latest and it begins at age of 14. In this regard, at the age of 11-13 years, it makes sense to consider the quality along with other as General physical preparedness means. This approach enables a sufficient impact on speed, speed-strength qualities and power. It should not be forgotten that the age of the skiers of the world elite is in the range from 21 years to 30 years. Consequently, upon assuming the active shaping of endurance 14 years, we have 7-8 years for its development. It should be noted that currently there are rather contradictory opinions on the implementation of the training plans and techniques of preparation of young skier-racers. However, individualized training of young skiers on the basis of their morphological status is not lit fully in the scientific literature.

Despite the fact that the first typological classification of dictionaries was made more than 65 years ago, the small genre of the phrase book remains on the periphery of Russian lexicography theory, and in the works of well-known lexicographers there is not any data on phrase books. The few existing studies aimed at studying the works of this genre relate mostly to the Soviet period, and are considered only as monuments of ancient or historic lexicography. Among the varieties of the genre of the phrase book, the subgenre of the military phrase book is particularly interesting for us. The lack of interest in military phrase books, including Soviet ones, by military historians, on a par with the indifference of linguists, impedes the understanding of the mechanisms of the creation of these monuments of their era, as well as an understanding of their purpose and how they work. The history of the development of the small genre of the military phrase book using the example of both Russian and foreign publications are examined. The main stages of the development of this genre are identified, and for each of them the most specific examples of works are presented. The main changes in this genre, including the most recent publications, are analysed.

Foreign language teaching post-graduate students on the basis of the tandem method is studied. The research a) provides analysis of studies on the use of the tandem method in teaching, b) clarifies the definition of “tandem method”, c) develops the main provisions of the tandem “teacher-teacher” in the foreign language teaching in graduate school. Under the tandem method the way to mastery, training or teaching, based on the partnership of all participants, involved in the educational process, i. e. students (student-student), student and teacher (student-teacher) and teachers (teacher-teacher) is proposed. The main provisions of learning a foreign language for professional purposes in general and foreign language scientific written discourse in particular, graduate students through teaching tandem are proposed: a) the purpose of learning a foreign language for professional purposes to graduate students of non-linguistic areas of training based on the teachers’ tandem is the further development of simultaneously communicative competence and professional competencies of the students within the same discipline; b) partners of teachers’ tandem are faculty members of two specialists: an English teacher and a teacher of a profile specialty, working together with the students within the same discipline in graduate school; c) the division of responsibilities of teachers working in tandem is based primarily on the content of training; d) separation of the sphere of activity of each teacher working in tandem is not fixed and static; e) participation in teaching based on tandem learning a foreign language has specific requirements for the teachers’ competencies.

It is devoted to the characteristics of corporate language courses which main aim is to meet the needs of corporate students and make their learning more effective. The necessity of life-long learning of adult students and in this regard states the importance of corporate teaching and learning, the notion of corporate teaching and learning and outlines its main characteristics, strategic aims and tactical objectives are defined. On this basis the characteristics of corporate language courses are identified and a definition to a language corporate teaching programme is given, where the adjustment of language programmes to the needs of corporate clients is considered as highly important. Different classifications of forms, methods and technologies of corporate learning and teaching in general are also presented and on this basis the most effective forms, methods and technologies of language corporate learning and teaching are identified. Regarding these forms, methods and technologies, special emphasis is put on “same background” and “mixed background” forms of corporate learning and the advantages and disadvantages of each form are outlined, where “same background” form is considered to be more effective in terms of language corporate learning. In addition, in accordance with goals and objectives of language corporate learning and teaching its traditional and innovative forms, methods and technologies are outlined. The question of employees’ motivation to learn is also raised, where external motivation is defined as dominant and less effective than internal motivation, which in turn is to be developed.

The current Federal Standards of Higher Education require extending student autonomous activities and implementing interactive forms of education preferably based on Web 2.0 tools. Wiki-technology is one of such tools. Its didactic potential and functions allow meeting the requirements and boosting efficacy of foreign language teaching due to interactivity and project method activities. It is devoted to using wiki-technology in collaborative wiki-glossary by science students containing special scientific terms, which is extremely important considering different educational profiles and directions. Wiki-glossary task is based on and develops wiki-vocabulary principles. The algorithm of teacher’s and students’ actions, glossary word-template, criteria of assessment are given. Modern Internet resources have been analyzed and a list of recommended open Internet resources in biology field is provided. Requirements to the teacher’s qualification in terms of Professional Standard of Higher Education and Professional Standard of Vocational Education are given. Methodic benefits and possible difficulties of wiki-glossary use are listed.

The relevance is caused by the requirement of generalization and justification of experience and the perspective directions of the “clubbing” phenomenon, and modern night clubs functioning. Social, pedagogical and culturological aspects of the socio-cultural processes, which are connected with club culture are discovered. The essence of a clubbing is considered as a special type of subjective culture. Definitions of the concepts “clubbing” and “clubbers” are presented, the structural and substantial components of a clubbing are given and specific features of club life, club music and club dancing cultures are identified. The typology of modern clubs and also holding the club parties is given. “Pop”, “status” and “underground” clubs are characterized and allocated. The features of dancing, musical, elite, coffee and conceptual night clubs, social and psychological features of the club “atmosphere” and communicative processes in the club environment are revealed. Some features of the club etiquette and the club rules, related with the face control, the dress code and behaviour rules are presented. The most demanded parties of night clubs are characterized: party, theme party Military Party, New Year Party; Fashion Party, White Party, Flower Party, Beach Party, Hawaiian party, Pajama party, “Private Party”, Open Air Party and others.

The problems of foreign students’ cultural adaptation are considered. The increase of foreign students’ amount in Russian institutes of higher education and the tendency of their amount’s growth in the following years are emphasized. This fact defines the research of foreign student’s adaptation problems as priority. The short review of new researches is presented. It is connected with different problems of foreign students’ adaptation in Russian institutes of higher education and it is concluded that one of basic problems is cultural adaptation. The attention is paid to description of the research carried out with the help of foreign students of Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin. Basing on the recipients’ answers it is concluded that despite the fact that the most part of the students is open for new culture and communication and they also qualify the relation of lecturers, Russian students and citizens as friendly, the experience of inclusion in new linguistic and cultural community is rather difficult for them. The interrogated students have positive relation to cultural diversity and recognize that mastering the basics of intercultural communication in theory and in practice is necessary but their knowledge is rather limited. The presence of such “closure” in their ethnic and cultural groups is defined. The recipients pointed at positive influence of leisure communication which is a good basis for overcoming the barriers of cultural adaptation to admitting

Research methods of modern mass media materials differ depending on the goals and tasks which are set in front of each specific study. However, the system of methods for studying mass media, formed in the post-Soviet space, cannot be considered perfect, as research methodology hasn’t been developed enough of the so-called “new” media, as well as the convergent media. In particular, the existing methods often leave the address to specific subject matter and problems of mass media on the periphery of scientific thought. The proposed method allows us to study cultural values and behavioral priorities of the audience of consumers of mass media content in relation to a specific situation or problem. The advantage of the proposed method is the possibility of carrying out the research in the shortest possible time. In addition, this technique is most relevant to the study of materials of convergent mass media, and “new” media, which were prevalent in the early XXI century, in the era of global informatization and internetization. The application of the method is illustrated by a concrete example. The audience of the mass media under consideration has been made up of students’ youth. The method can be used to analyze a variety of media materials according to their characteristics, including while studying reports in the “new” and convergent media.

An attempt to trace the influence of migration on the changing demographic structure of the population of Dagestan in the late XIX - early XX century was made. The development problems of the history of migration processes in Dagestan in the XIX - beginning of XX centuries is an integral part of the historical and demographic study of the region is an urgent and important task. This kind of study necessary for the reconstruction of socio-economic and demographic history of the region, the creation of a science-based concept of migration policy not only in a such a labour-abundant region as Dagestan, but regional demographic policy in the Russian Federation as a whole. The basic part of population was in constrain life circumstances with limited nutrition and all turmoil, break in crop yield of bread, murrain and etc. disasters caused mass exodus of male population over the borders of Dagestan looking for job. This caused the bad birth rate and bad natural increase of region’s population. The assigned problem has both scientific interest and policy relevance in the context of the demographic crisis in Russia and the related difficulties of preserving the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a number of border regions of the Russian Federation, where the outflow of the population is coming from. The research is fulfilled on the basis of annual reports of the governors of the Dagestan region, was published in the form of Reviews on the Dagestan region and other statistical and literary sources.

The world war in 1914-1918 was the first armed conflict with use of toxic agents. In 1915 Germans widely began to use the chemical weapon against Entente’s armies. Not only the soldiers suffered from its effect, but also local people living at the territory of front-line cities. The organization of population’s first chemical protection measures in Russia and France during the World War I are discussed. By analyzing the events of chemical war in the 1914-1918, which are well-known and investigated, the aspects of population’s protection from gas attacks, which are still not investigated, are viewed. By using the archival material, publications of the first decade of XX century, modern researches and foreign resources the basis protection measures of population from toxic substances, which were realized by civilian and military authorities and different organizations are revealed. On the basis of the presented material the conclusion is made that these measures took the important role in the development of the civil defense system in the XX century.

The characteristics of basic factors influencing the formation and specifics of Russian civilized type with the objectively high role of state as a compensator of difficulties of Russian people existence are presented. The bad conditions of life activity are marked determining the model of state government. The danger of liberal theory of economics denationalization for countries, having some natural difficulties, climate first of all, is discussed. The quote of climate determining such features of Russian people as collective union and sharp sense of social justice, community nature of life activity and high role of state considering overcoming the survival difficulties in the coldest country of the world is considered. The severe natural and climate conditions increase the labour inputs and other things on human’s life-support. The natural factor caused the people to choose such consolidating forms of life activity as commune, work collective, state. National consciousness was filled with the feeling of inability to survive without strong state organization.

The religious revival experienced by Russia in its post-Soviet period is the object of a close study and has received ambiguous assessment of researchers. This phenomenon combines the complex processes that have multidirectional and contradictory nature. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of this revival can be objectively assessed only in connection with the clarification of prior to them cultural and historical premises. Historical and comparative analysis included comparison of main manifestations of religiosity in their spatial and time dimension indicates the presence in the Soviet reality the conditions predetermined “revitalization” of religion in the post-Soviet period. Among the main reasons of “religious revival” are called: the preservation of religiosity on the level of rituals and household traditions; the reproduction of the practicing religion in the narrow circle of deeply religious people; and the growth of interest in religion in the 1970s in different groups of the Soviet society. The data for two regions are analyzed: the Tambov and Sverdlovsk; it discovers differences in the nature of religiosity of the people, predefined by historical and cultural processes. It allowed receive important conclusions about the mechanisms of preservation and reproduction of religiosity. The study used the documents of regional archives and memoirs of eyewitnesses of the events collected during the field researches.