Importance. In freshman and sophomore years students majoring in linguistics are often at different levels of foreign-language proficiency since they were provided with similar training at school. Given the fact that the foreign language will be their indispensable tool of trade in the future career, it is essential to determine the best possible way of teaching linguistic majors in multi-level groups in order to improve the quality of their foreign-language training. The relevance of research into linguistic majors’ professional development determines the aim of the study, which involvescomparing the ways of organizing the work in multi-level groups so as to level the students’ language skills.

Research methods. Scholarly works which describe the complexities of teaching students in multi-level groups, as well as those which focus on incorporating online resources and collaborative learning into foreign-language teaching are analyzed. The experiment described in the study was conducted in EFL practice classes and involved 63 subjects. It was aimed at comparing two techniques of leveling training: by getting the learners to use online resources and via collaborative learning accompanied with peer guidance. In the reference group the students independently did their home assignments, which included preparing a monologue, reading comprehension and grammar exercises. In the next class these assignments were jointly checked and analyzed. In exposure group № 1 the same home assignments were done in small teams using a teleconferencing facility, the top-performing students acting in the capacity of supervisors. In exposure group № 2 the learners did their home assignments applying online resources. The CEFR level of these resources was chosen in accordance with each student’s foreign-language proficiency.

Result and Discussion. At the end of the experiment the learners’ scores in the diagnostic and final classes were compared. The results illustrated that team learning produces the best learning outcomes and is more conducive to leveling training than the application of online resources. The aggregate increase in exposure group № 1, where the assignments were done in teams, was 14.7 % bigger than in the reference group and 8.6 % bigger than in exposure group № 2, where the individualized assignments were done autonomously. These results can be explained by the fact that when students work in small teams, each of them can spend more time upgrading his / her foreignlanguage skills due to greater involvement in doing the assignment. The application of individualized online resources contributed to leveling training to a lesser extent than team work with peer guidance. The results of the final class illustrate that exposure group № 1 had the smallest gap (13 points) between the maximum and minimum values, which allowed us to conclude that team work and peer guidance effectively bridge the gap between individual learners’ outcomes. In exposure group № 2, the gap between the maximum and minimum values was much more significant and amounted to 24 points. This difference can be explained by the fact that the learners with low levels of foreign-language proficiency worked autonomously and had no opportunity to hone their skills by interacting with their peers.

Conclusion. The results of the experiment illustrate that the combination of using online resources and teamwork in small groups with peer guidance is the key to leveling training.

Importance. The development of key contextual, cross-contextual and existential competencies of employees, which include digital and presentation competencies, ensures the quality of human capital. The aim of the study is to investigate the possibilities of AI for the formation of presentation competence of adults with different levels of foreign language proficiency, as well as to analyze data on students’ real-life experience of using AI applications.

Materials and methods. General scientific and special methods were used: observation, formalized questionnaire survey with open and closed-ended questions, comparative analysis, expert evaluation.

Results and Discussion. It has been proved that the use of AI provides positive statistically significant dynamics of development of presentation competence of students with different levels of proficiency in the cognitive (basic level Δx̄ = 1.9, ΔМ_о = 2; intermediate – Δx̄ = 1.6, ΔМ_о = 2; advanced level Δx̄ = 1.5, ΔМ_о = 2) and communicative components (basic level Δx̄ = 1.3, ΔМ_о = 1; intermediate and advanced levels Δx̄ = 0.8, ΔМ_о = 1). At the same time, neither in the experimental nor in the control groups there was no significant increase in the dynamics of the digital component development among students of all three levels of proficiency in the language. The main functions, advantages, and disadvantages of AI for creating presentations in the subjective evaluation of students are revealed. The necessity of further development of students’ critical thinking, especially with intermediate and basic level of foreign language proficiency, is established.

Conclusion. A conclusion is made about the effectiveness of using AI for the formation of foreign language presentation competence. Further research is aimed at developing an integrated approach to teaching foreign language in higher education with the use of AI, considering the identified limitations.

Importance. The current stage of technological development of society is characterized by the intensive integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into professional spheres. AI-based technical solutions make it possible to automate some routine processes and free up time for humans to solve other more important and complex issues. Gradually, the interaction of specialistswith AI tools to solve professional problems is becoming a daily practice. In this regard, the training of qualified personnel at the university for the realities of today is impossible without integrating professionally oriented AI tools into the student learning process. Law is one of the activity fields in which modern AI technologies are able to take on many professional tasks. At the same time, the systematic integration of AI-based technical solutions into the university’s law student training process is impossible without a comprehensive study of the entire range of AI tools and their professionally oriented potential. The purpose of the work is to develop a matrix of AI-based technical solutions used in the professional training of future lawyers.

Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the expert assessment method basis. This allowed the authors to: a) identify a list of professional tasks solved by lawyers in the field of professional activity; b) based on the identified tasks, develop a matrix of AI-based technical solutions used in the professional training of future lawyers. The materials are scientific papers on pedagogy, methods of teaching foreign languages and specialized disciplines, published in scientific journals indexed in the Ministry of National Security (Scopus and Web of Science), as well as those included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation (K1, K2), the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education in the field of Law. The AI tools widely used among current lawyers, which they use in their professional activities to solve professional problems, are used as practical materials.

Results and Discussion. A matrix of AI-based technical solutions used in the professional training of future lawyers has been developed. The matrix is presented according to twelve professional tasks that lawyers solve in the course of their professional activities. The main and most accessible AI-based technical solutions for teachers of specialized disciplines that can help lawyers solve professional problems are the following: Legal AI tools, Legal Document Generator and DocZilla AI are used to draw up contracts (lease, sale, employment agreements, etc.), DocZilla AI and Genie AI – for the analysis and comparison of document editions, Mistral AI and LexisNexis – for checking documents for errors and contradictions, ROSS Intelligence and WestLaw – to search for relevant court decisions and analyze use cases, TrademarkVision and PatentPal – to search for similar trademarks, Perplexity AI – to analyze license agreements, Legalese Decoder, ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat and DeepSeek – to simplify legal terms for clients (colleagues, students), Canva and MidJourney – to visualize processes (for example, judicial meetings), LegalAI and Jasper AI – for legal advice, Perplexity AI, ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat and DeepSeek – for mathematical calculations (taxes, insurance payments, etc.), MidJourney – to create images of suspects, Legalese Decoder and Mistral AI are used for conducting examinations (handwriting, ballistic, etc.).

Conclusion. The research novelty is the development of a matrix of AI-based technical solutions used in the professional training of future lawyers. The perspective of the conducted research lies in the development of step-by-step methods of teaching aspects of specialized disciplines based on the students’practice with specific technical solutions based on AI.

Importance. There are many artificial intelligence (AI) tools that can be used in teaching students a foreign language, including the formation of their lexical competence. However, the formation of a professional thesaurus for students of non-linguistic specialties through participation in foreign language practice on professional topics with AI is not the subject of a separate study. The goal of the study is to develop a step-by-step technology for the professional thesaurus formation of agricultural university students through practice with AI tools and to test its effectiveness in experimental training.

Materials and Methods. The experiment is conducted by the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great. The training is attended by undergraduates of the study field 35.04.04 – “Agronomy”. The participants of the control group (CG) (N = 15) are trained according to the traditional teaching method based on the elements of subject-language integrated learning and a foreign language for special purposes. The participants of the experimental group (EG) (N = 15), in addition to the traditional teaching methodology, participated in the practice of professional foreign language communication with the PolyBuzz web application. Statistical analysis of learning outcomes is carried out based on the Student’s t-test method.

Results and Discussion. The experiment proved the effectiveness of a step-by-step technology for the formation of a professional thesaurus for students of an agricultural university using extracurricular practice with the PolyBuzz web application (t = 2.25 at p < 0.05).

Conclusion. The novelty of the study consists in the step-by-step technology development for the professional thesaurus formation for students of an agricultural university using extracurricular practice with the PolyBuzz web application. The prospects of the conducted research consist in further study of the linguodidactic and methodological potential of specific AI tools in the professional training of agricultural university students.

Importance. In the modern academic environment, graduate students are held to a higher standard than ever before, including English proficiency as a mean of scientific communication, publication activity, and engagement in international community. However, traditional learning methods based on memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary often prove ineffective for adult learners whose cognitive and emotional characteristics require an alternative approach. In this context, the Schechter Method based on the emotional-semantic approach emerges a promising tool for teaching English to graduate students. This study aims at assessing validity of the Schechter Method in teaching English to adults.

Materials and Methods. Methods of analyzing scientific and methodological literature, approaches to adult learning, as well as statistical processing of the data obtained led us to conclude about how effective and efficient the emotional-semantic approach is.

Results and Discussion. The successful implementation of the Schechter Method in teaching English to graduate students requires their active engagement drawing on their prior experience, existing skills and competencies. The study determined that tasks aimed at developing dialogic speech skills should incorporate an emotional component and possess practical focus, ensuring that the educational process is meaningful and motivating. Within the study, we provide a lesson plan targeted at graduate students of the 43.04.03 “Hotel Management” program. The lesson plan is structured in the form of three-step intensive cycles.

Conclusion. In the educational training practice for graduate students, the emotional-semantic approach performs as an integrated method of teaching adults that considers their psychological characteristics, and is based on key principles of andragogy. By combining cognitive and emotional components, this approach helps conquer psychological barriers commonly experienced by adult learners. The emphasis on the relevance and practical applicability of language learning makes the difference in terms of purposeful and effective use of language in real-life conditions, thereby enhancing both learning outcomes and student motivation.

Importance. Modern education is undergoing transformations due to the rapid development of information and communication technologies and the massive transition to distance learning. This transition is associated with the problem of low student engagement, which requires updating pedagogical methods and searching for innovative dynamic forms of interaction with educational materials. Game patterns are promising tools for increasing engagement in the learning process. Despite the positive dynamics, empirical studies confirming the effectiveness of game patterns are limited. The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of game patterns on the academic results of online learning, to identify the factors that ensure the success of using game patterns, and to develop practical recommendations that harmoniously combine entertaining forms of educational material presentation with the achievement of significant educational goals.

Research Methods. An original methodology for analyzing the influence of game patterns on student academic performance is proposed, based on the use of correlation and regression analysis. The methodology experimental verification is carried out on the basis of real educational data from students of Penza State University.

Results and Discussion. The research approbation is carried out in the form of an experiment comparing the academic achievements of two groups of students: an experimental one, mastering an academic discipline in an online format using game patterns, and a control one, studying the same subject in an online format without introducing these elements. The third-year students of Penza State University, studying in the bachelor’s degree program 09.03.01 “Computer Science and Computer Engineering”, are involved as participants in the experiment. To ensure a high level of reliability and quality of the experiment, the required number of study participants is calculated. The initial parameters included significance level α = 0.05, power: 1 – β = 0.80, and expected effect: d = 0.50. Calculations have shown that the minimum allowed number of participants in each group should be 42 people. Taking into account the possible losses of subjects due to noncompliance with the conditions of the experiment, the total number of participants is increased by 10 %, which led to a total number of 92 people. All students passed a preliminary electronic test aimed at assessing their initial level of knowledge. According to the test results, the students are evenly distributed so that both groups had approximately the same level of training.

Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the effectiveness of game patterns introduction into the online learning process, emphasizing their positive impact on the students’ academic performance, as well as on the important competencies development such as independence and initiative of students. This study is of interest to specialists in the field of designing electronic educational resources, teachers and methodologists involved in improving the quality of online learning through innovative approaches.

Importance. In the context of digitalization of education, students and parents face a deficit of structured, reliable and timely information when preparing for the Unified State Exam and Basic State Exam. Based on the survey data, testing and analysis of user feedback, it has been proven that the chatbot significantly increases the availability of information, reduces stress levels and improves the quality of preparation. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the chatbot implementation as a digital assistant for parents and students in the Tambov region.

Research Methods. The study used an integrated approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the chatbot: a survey of the target audience, analysis of existing educational resources, development of the chatbot, empirical research and statistical data processing.

Results and Discussion. The chatbot demonstrated high efficiency in eliminating the main difficulties identified at the survey stage. Trust in the information from the chatbot has increased, since it uses only official sources (FIPI, Rosobrnadzor). The results of testing the chatbot showed that 91.2 % of 9th grade students and 93.8 % of 11th grade students report successful query execution. The NPS index is 74–78 %, which indicates a willingness to recommend the service.

Conclusion. The introduction of a chatbot as a digital educational assistant for parents and students in the Tambov region is a promising direction in the development of the regional education system. A thorough assessment of the effectiveness of this tool not only confirmed its usefulness, but also identified ways for further improvement, making preparation for the Unified State Exam and the Basic State Exam more accessible.

Importance. The issue of conflicts arising between participants and judging panels during the AllRussian Olympiad for Schoolchildren (VSOSh) and other academic competitions are investigated. The purpose of the study is to analyze the types of appeals encountered in intellectual contests within the interaction between schoolchildren and appeals committees.

Research Methods. The research methodology employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, specifically: 1) analysis of scholarly literature, content analysis of assessment materials, and semi-structured interviews with twenty Moscow schoolchildren participating in Olympiads; and 2) a survey of 105 teacher-mentors from various regions of the Russian Federation to ascertain their attitudes towards disputing procedures.

Results and Discussion. The research identified the primary types of appeals prevalent in contemporary competitive discourse: technical, relocating, supplementary, interpretive, and substitutive. These types are described in detail, with recommendations provided for participants and their mentors. The underlying causes of students’ appeal behavior were found to include: incompetence of task authors, inadequate assessment quality, insufficient piloting of tasks, and unique solution approaches. The survey results from teacher-mentors revealed a cautious attitude towards appeal practices. Specifically, 54 % of teachers tend to avoid conflict situations, even when their students are involved in a discussion with the judging panel. 9 % of respondents indicated that their students received a reduction in scores, 77 % were unable to achieve any positive outcome in dialogue with the judging panel, and only 14 % of teachers achieved a favorable result. 68 % of survey participants noted a negative attitude from the judging panel, with respondents equally attributing this, in their opinion, to either inconsistency in evaluation or to subjective practices and a lack of leniency in general.

Conclusion. The theoretical significance lies in the potential for further research and the enrichment of domestic pedagogical thought. On a practical level, the results enable contestants to prepare more effectively for the appeals process by understanding its structure and types, and they can also be utilized by state operators of intellectual competitions to reform the institution of appeals.

Importance. The content of the “theatrical activity” concept based on the basic principles of school theater pedagogy developed by O.A. Antonova is analyzed. The relevance of such an analysis is due to a terminological problem: the formulated variants of the “theatrical activity” concepts in the theory of preschool education belong to the category of formal concepts that fix the most common distinctive and unsystematic features of it.

Research Methods. “Theatrical activity” is defined as a meaningful concept, based on eight aspects of school theater pedagogy, which make it possible to effectively build organizationalpedagogical and synthetic-technological as a game part of theatrical activity. In this regard, the leading research methods in this work are theoretical analysis, the generalization method, and also distributional analysis as one of the terminological methods.

Results and Discussion. Based on the basic provisions of school theater pedagogy, it is proved that the scope of the “theatrical activity” concept is much broader than the “theatricalization” idea, due to the subject-subject component – the joint creativity of the teacher-director and the playing child.

Conclusion. Theatrical activity involves the creation of a school performance in compliance with certain laws of the theater, step-by-step work adapted to the specifics of school education.

Importance. Badminton as a means of adaptive physical education has significant potential in developing coordination abilities. At the same time, in the process of teaching motor actions in badminton to adolescents with intellectual disabilities, teachers often do not pay attention and do not take into account the features of motor asymmetry of the hands. The problem of the study is due to the insufficient development of the methodology for teaching motor actions in badminton, taking into account the motor preferences of adolescents aged 12–13 years. At present, there are no works devoted to the problem of teaching badminton to adolescents with similar deviations in health, taking into account the features of motor asymmetry of the hands. The purpose of the study is to experimentally test the effectiveness of the methodology for teaching motor actions with a racket in badminton to adolescents with mild mental retardation with both the dominant and non-dominant hand.

Materials and Methods. The experimental methodology is developed based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, observation results, video analysis of movements and diagnostics of hand motor preferences in 108 adolescents, and the content of adaptive physical education programs in 8 correctional schools in Ivanovo region. The pedagogical experiment is conducted with 12–13 year old adolescents (20 people) at Shuya correctional boarding school. The methodology is implemented during the school year, during badminton sectional classes (3 times a week). The exercises’ volume performed by the non-dominant hand varied from 15 to 25 % of the time in each class. The developed methodology exercises’ are performed using motor actions with a racket, both with balloons of different sizes, and with a shuttlecock. The pedagogical experiment results are processed using Student’s t-criterion.

Results and Discussion. According to the pedagogical experiment results, the performance indicators of the following technical techniques in the experimental group of adolescents: “a high serve with the shuttlecock hitting the target area”; “shuttlecock juggling”; “lower shuttlecock serve with the shuttlecock hitting the hoop suspended at a height” became significantly higher than those of the control group of adolescents (p < 0.05).

Conclusion. The use of a special technique for performing exercises with a badminton racket with the non-dominant hand in a volume of 15 to 25 % in sectional classes with adolescents with mild mental retardation helps to improve the quality of their performance of technical techniques in badminton.

Importance. Increasing not only life expectancy, but also reducing diseases’ manifestations of the genitourinary system in men aged 50–60 is one of the important tasks of the healthcare system, given the increase in the retirement age of this category of the population. The use of natural remedies in the health-improving physical culture system can reduce the diseases’ development of the genitourinary system. Special attention is paid to reducing prostate diseases development, including cancer. The possibility of using various programs, technologies and means of recreational physical education in the training system of men aged 50–60 years who are at risk of developing diseases of the genitourinary system, in our opinion, will contribute to improving urodynamic parameters, improving blood circulation of the pelvic floor muscles and normalizing prostatic symptoms. The goal of the paper is to develop a technology for recreational physical education for men aged 50–60 years who are at risk of developing diseases of the genitourinary system.

Materials and Methods. Scientific and methodological literature analysis on the research topic, pedagogical observations of the health and training process of men aged 50–60 years, control tests method, instrumental method (uroflowmetry), comparative pedagogical experiment, mathematical statistics’ methods.

Results and Discussion. The effect of multidirectional exercises’ introduction into the technology of classes, including on simulators, is expressed in significantly higher increases in the functional parameters of the cardiovascular system and urodynamic parameters in men aged 50–60 years who are at risk of diseases of the genitourinary system. The place of breathing exercises, cardio and strength exercises, including on simulators, has been determined, improving the quality of life of men aged 50–60 years who are at risk of developing diseases of the genitourinary system.

Conclusions. The effectiveness of the recreational physical education technology’s use for men aged 50–60 years who are at risk of developing the genitourinary system has been proven.

Importance. The problem of the effectiveness of meaningful classes with students belonging to a special medical group is acute in the university environment. It is primarily related to the presence of various diseases in this category of students and the need to use universal wellness technology, which is correctly implemented among participants in special medical groups with different diagnoses and degrees of morbidity. The relevance of this study is related to the need to obtain experimental data on the dynamics of vital signs of students with disabilities during the implementation of technology for developing the health potential of the studied population. The purpose of the study is to determine the resource component dynamics of the health potential of students of a special medical group at the end of the formative stage of a pedagogical experiment that implements technology for developing the health potential of students with disabilities using oriental wellness techniques, aquagymnastics and various types of recreational walking.

Materials and Methods. Scientific and methodological literature analysis; pedagogical observation; functional tests. The following calculated indicators are used: Endurance coefficient (EC) according to L.I. Myznikov; Circulatory efficiency coefficient (CEC); Circulatory efficiency index according to G.K. Khomyakov, L.G. Zucker; IR – Robinson index; Kerdo IR index. The study involved 34 students of Derzhavin Tambov State University, with health deviations.

Results and Discussion. The technology effectiveness for developing the health potential of Derzhavin Tambov State University students with disabilities using oriental wellness techniques, aqua gymnastics and various types of recreational walking is confirmed by indicators indicating a decrease in the average values of heart rate, systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, respectively, in each study group; based on the positive dynamics of the orthostatic test, the effect of physical education and wellness activities on improving functional reactivity quality of the hemodynamics’ regulatory mechanisms in the autonomic nervous system of students who participated in the experiment is reliably revealed.

Conclusion. The results of the study allowed to obtain an experimental substantiation of the developed technology content, and the mathematical statistics methods – to statistically argue the application results of the technology for the health potential development of students with disabilities engaged in special medical groups.

Importance. The educational sphere development, regardless of the historical epoch, is a soughtafter area of social modernization. The forms and methods of education are being transformed, scientific knowledge is expanding, changing in the conditions of social progress, and activities for material, technical, and political support of the educational process are being improved. In this regard, the systematization and analysis of the developed practice are constant necessary components of progress in the educational field. The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the actual activities of the city government for the development of public education in the county centers of Tambov province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century.

Materials and Methods. The study source base is made up of materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Tambov region. Statistical calculations have been prepared on the basis of Surveys of the Tambov province. The regulatory mechanisms are defined in accordance with the most highly approved regulations, legalizations and orders of the Government in the field of education and self-government. The methodological basis of the research is based on the general scientific method of analysis, statistical method, systematic approach, as well as the objectivity and historicism principles.

Results and Discussion. The actual activities of cities for the public education development are diverse and occupied an important position in municipal politics. Among the main directions are: the opening of new and modernization of existing educational organizations; the organization of allowances for the educational institutions maintenance; solving the current financial problems of students, teachers and administrative workers; organizing charitable initiatives of urban communities and individual patrons; finally, interaction with zemstvos and the Ministry of Public Education in order to improve the local education system.

Conclusions. The activities of the city government for the public education development are distinguished by the representatives’ active creative position of the urban community. Municipalities could not directly participate in internal organizational mechanisms, but sought to create favorable conditions for the education sector development, not limited to compliance with formal obligations. The actual functions variety of self-government and fruitful interaction with society, government agencies and the church ensured the qualitative development of the education system in the province and developed a positive experience of cooperation.

Importance. The interest in the research topic is due to the need to study the adaptation of the military elites of Russia and Germany to the challenges of modernization at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries through the prism of their daily practices, value orientations and social composition. The goal of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of these aspects, revealing their impact on the traditional army models’ crisis.

Research Methods. The research is based on a comparative analysis of statistics, memoirs and modern works using interdisciplinary methods: comparative historical, quantitative, qualitative (content analysis, case study), institutional and socio-cultural approaches.

Results and Discussion. It is shown that the Russian military elite, while retaining archaic features, suffered from social contradictions and lack of professionalism, while the German, being meritocratic, was subject to technocratic dogmatism. Leisure practices reflected key differences: status hedonism and class traditions in Russia versus discipline and professional pragmatism in Germany.

Conclusion. It is emphasized that both models, despite their differences, turned out to be vulnerable: the Russian one because of its isolation from society, the German one because of its isolation on narrow professional tasks. The study contributes to military historical anthropology and the theory of elites by offering a model for analyzing the relationship between everyday life and institutional crises.

Importance. The idea of law abolition in the legal and political disputes of the first postrevolutionary years is considered. The discussion related to this issue determined the postrevolutionary ideology in our country and had a serious impact on the theory of state and law, as well as on the formation of Soviet judicial authorities. In addition to the Marxist roots of this concept, the Russian tradition is considered, not only the Marxist one. The problem is raised as to how seriously the ideologists of 1917–1922 took the idea of “law abolition” and the priority of “revolutionary expediency” or saw the former as a distant prospect. This issue affects different aspects and sides of historical science.

Materials and Methods. The research is conducted on original archival and open sources basis. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of objectivity and historicism, which consider historical processes in development and interrelationships. Retrospective and comparative methods of historical research are also used.

Results and Discussion. The study analyzes various aspects and trends of official Soviet jurisprudence of the revolutionary and first post-revolutionary years, the bearers of which were P.I. Stuchka, D.I. Kursky, N.V. Krylenko, A.G. Goikhbarg, and others, as well as their ideological predecessors. It shows a long-standing tradition associated not only with the revolutionary movement, in which we see elements of “legal nihilism”. The essence of the most acute discussions in this context is revealed. The reasons for the curtailment of the “law abolition” idea after the end of the Civil War and the role of V.I. Lenin in this process are shown. Alternative ways of development of legal bodies in the RSFSR during the Civil War and after it, during the reform of 1922, are considered.

Conclusion. The ideology that prevailed in relation to law in 1917–1922 cannot be perceived in isolation from the history of Russian and world thought. The evolution of attitudes towards justice after the Civil War (including the gradual overcoming of legal nihilism) led to the restoration and strengthening of elements of stable law and a centralized State.

Importance. Based on historiography modern achievements and with the involvement of new archival materials, scientific knowledge on this topic is systematized and expanded. Special attention has been paid to exploring ways to improve the collective farms efficiency in the 1920s. The purpose of the research is to study the key problems of the collective farms development during the New Economic Policy period.

Materials and Methods. During the research, both general scientific and special historical methods are used. In particular, comparative-historical, historical-systemic methods are used. Modernization theory is used. Materials from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the State Archive of the Lipetsk Region are used.

Results and Discussion. Modern historiography on the collective farms development during the New Economic Policy period is represented by a wide range of studies, including regional works. The generalization of published scientific works and the expansion of the topic under study through new archival materials made it possible to more deeply study the collective farms formation issue, based on their development difficulties that stood in their way.

Conclusion. During the new economic policy, collective farms retained a whole range of problems along their formation way, which limited their development potential. At the same time, in the Russian countryside, the number of productive partnerships for joint cultivation of land, communes, and artels, including exemplary ones, gradually increased. A special place in the rationalization of production was occupied by the introduction of innovations, mechanization of labor, effective land management, and deepening the division there. Along with the objective economic factors of the economic revival of collective farms, their development is influenced by sociopolitical and economic stabilization after the civil war end.

Importance. Such a phenomenon as White emigration has not been thoroughly researched in Russian historiography. To substantiate the inconsistency of the dogma about the irreconcilability of class interests in matters of preserving a single Russian state, which gave rise to a tendentious selection of information about the white emigration in the Soviet period of history. To show a mosaic picture of our historical past and the perniciousness of the class assessment of a specific person. The purpose of the study is to identify the sentiments of the White emigration towards the policy of the Japanese government towards the Soviet state.

Materials and Methods. The revealed documents from the Central Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Military Archive, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, which are very different in origin, content, and nature, provide a fairly complete picture of the sentiments of White emigration in the Far East. The analysis of documents is based on a general civilizational approach, which pays great attention to socio-cultural phenomena and the subjective factor in the study of a specific historical situation.

Results and Discussion. A significant part of the White emigration had a negative attitude towards the plans to unleash a war against the USSR and the seizure of Soviet territories by Japan. The failure of the Japanese special services to involve broad sections of the White emigration in a large-scale war against the USSR can serve as evidence of this conclusion.

Conclusion. The revealed archival documents show the unbroken inner core of patriotism of White emigration’s significant part in the Far East towards the policy pursued by Japan towards the Soviet state. The White emigration did not want either territorial concessions to Japan or the economic weakening of Russia.

Importance. The multifaceted, complex image of Arkaim, which includes archaeological, historical, mystical, and tourist aspects, has been formed over more than 37 years. From 1987 to the present, the archaeological site has attracted the attention of the mass media, scientific researchers, and government officials. The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in the study, is to consider the Arkaim image as an element of the symbolic capital of the Chelyabinsk region in the mass media texts, from 1987 to the present, in a historical perspective and from the point of view of the evolution of mass communication media.

Materials and Methods. The evolution of the Arkaim image in the texts of the mass communication media from a historical perspective and from the point of view of their evolution is considered. The materials of the mass media, starting from 1987, in a total volume of more than 1,000 units and the results of a survey of visitors to the museum-reserve, conducted in 2023 and 2024, are analyzed. The main research methods re the comparative historical method, thematic analysis and survey.

Results and Discussion. For ease of review, the material is divided into three periods: 1) 1987– 1997, when there was a struggle to save the archaeological site from flooding and its image was being built; it was during this period that mystical and anti-scientific myths were formed around Arkaim; 2) 1997–2007, when the search for Arkaim’s identity was underway; 3) 2007 – present, when Arkaim functions as a tourist center, attracting the attention of both lovers of scientific tourism, mystical and spiritual practices, research scientists, and government officials. Historically, these periods correspond to turning points in the history of Russia, it is considered how exactly the historical background influenced the formation of the image of Arkaim. In terms of mass media development, the periods identified correspond to the heyday of “traditional” media (TV, radio and print media), in the second period they are replaced by online media, and in the third period they are replaced by social media. As a result of the radical change in the type and form of communication, the development format of the image as an element of the symbolic capital of the Chelyabinsk region also changes.

Conclusion. The formation of the symbolic capital of Arkaim went through three key stages, reflecting both historical transformations in Russia and the evolution of the media – from the struggle to preserve the monument to its mythologization and modern positioning as a tourist and spiritual center. An imbalance is revealed between the official scientific and historical image of Arkaim in the media and its perception by the audience as a “place of power”, which requires hybrid media strategies combining factuality and cultural meanings. Arkaim has the potential to be included in the national idea of Russia, but its further development depends on the harmonization of scientific, spiritual and tourist discourses while maintaining authenticity.

Importance. Since the late 1990s, the autonomous parts of the unitary United Kingdom have begun to assert their own interests in the international arena. The foreign relations of Northern Ireland and Wales are interesting not only from the point of view of the theory of paradiplomacy; after the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, Northern Ireland turned out to be a border region, which led to an increase in its international contacts, as well as to changes in its selfrepresentation and London’s policy towards this autonomy. A comparative analysis of the international activities of the two autonomous parts of Great Britain is carried out. Due to the devolution process that has been taking place since the beginning of the 21st century, the authorities of Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland have gained some rights to manage their territories, and have also begun to develop their external relations. The similarities and differences between the approaches of Northern Ireland and Wales to their international activities are considered.

Materials and methods. The source base is provided by the websites of the Northern Ireland and Wales governments, policy documents concerning their external relations, press materials. The research methodology is based on comparative analysis and study of documents. Various theoretical concepts of paradiplomacy and A.S. Kuznetsov’s system of criteria for measuring the international activity of regions are used.

Results. It is shown that in their external relations Wales and Northern Ireland set different goals, use different approaches and cooperate with different partners. They also differ in their assessments of the activities of the national foreign policy agencies to protect the interests of the autonomous parts of the United Kingdom.

Conclusions. Northern Ireland and Wales share a similar set of competencies, similar interests and opportunities in developing their external relations and a similar set of governmental and nondepartmental instruments for their implementation. Wales' approach can be described as more modern, with its authorities emphasizing the promotion of the region on the world stage through the useof new technologies. At the same time, Wales is more inclined to diversify its international contacts, while Northern Ireland, for natural reasons, gravitates more towards its southern neighbor.

Importance. The purpose of the study is the role and classification of globalist and nationallyoriented elites with clarification of the general and the specific aspects.

Research Methods. The study is based on the application of the elitist approach methods in combination with elements of the civilizational paradigm, the interdisciplinary approach with its systemic and general scientific methods.

Results and Discussion. The elites’ defense of national interests is what determines their competence/professionalism within the country and in the international arena. At the current stage of the reorganization of the world order, the combined quality of the nationally-oriented elites is such that the “re-elected” US president will have to reckon with them and compete with them. The Republican core of his group are realists and, in an attacking position, take into account the interests of world powers. The initial step in rapprochement is to achieve peace in Ukraine and deepen the negotiation process to establish it. Russia is presented in it by the vital priorities of its position, and America, rather, by the new “peacekeeping” face of D. Trump, than by the general line of the establishment.

Conclusion. Crisis phenomena, having deepened the asymmetry of power, the nature of the actions of the elites, their relationships, complicate the dynamics of the reorganization of the world order. In this regard, it is important to understand the meanings and changes in the leading players’ classification in the relations system within countries and in the international arena. Where, by right of influence on the of the world reorganization processes, the political elites of our time should be classified into globalist and nationally-oriented power groups. The main criterion is the substantive focus of national interests associated with sovereignty and the behavior style of the state as the basic procedures for determining the political course and methods of its implementation. The challenge of the time for them is to achieve de-escalation of military actions in Ukraine, based on the assessment of threats and the model of dialogue. Developing prerequisites for it is the key task of the elites today. Moreover, there is more mental necessity for strategic dialogue, in the organizational and role structure of which “here and now”, than there are grounds for compromise.

Importance. The scientific significance of the publication is related to the need to constantly emphasize the studying fiction importance as a valuable historical source.

Materials and Methods. The historiographical source is a monograph by A.N. Dolgikh, a wellknown specialist in the history of Russia in the 19th century, professor at Lipetsk State University. The method of preparing the review is the monograph analysis from the point of view of its place in modern historical science.

Results and Discussion. The main result of the work is the presentation to the scientific historical community of the monograph significance on the reflection of serfdom problem in fiction.

Conclusion. The monograph by A.N. Dolgikh is undoubtedly a major contribution to historical science. However, there are controversial issues in it that require further discussion.