We consider the current problems arising in the process of first year students professionalization. Based on contemporary educational standards and the basic provisions of the competency-based approach, we substantiate the necessity of special work with first year students at the stage of their entry into the profession in such areas as: understanding personal characteristics, development of skills to use their own resources and reserves; disclosure of the psychological context of choice and further development within the profession; prevention of the negative consequences of professionalization; the use of recreational tools to maintain psychological and social health; development of a positive life scenario, taking into account professional characteristics. We identify contradictions in accompanying the process of personal and professional adaptation of students in the considered areas. We substantiate the necessity of developing a special technology focused on resolving the identified contradictions.

At the Derzhavin Tambov State University, on the basis of which the regional branch of the Russian Reading Association was opened (the head of the local branch is Doctor of Sociology, professor of Derzhavin Tambov State University N.A. Stefanovskaya), relevant project “School of self-education reading” has been implemented for several years. Classes at this school are a necessity for all university employees: the project meets the needs of students’ academic work, research and pedagogical practice of graduate students and teachers, as well as intellectual amateur inquiries in the acquisition of cognitive and fiction literature for everyone who wants to improve reading skills. We disclose the experience of organizing work with student readers at the Theory and Methods of Pre-School and Elementary Education Department of Derzhavin Tambov State University. We reveal means and methods of reading activity of future teachers, the issues of reading circle formation and reader’s interests. We pay particular attention to the study of the motivation development of children and teenagers to read, which is one of the main skills of the future teacher. We name the sources of modern literary education of students and their teachers. The conclusions of the article are related to the transformation of educational reading into the process of improving the reading culture at all levels of reading.

The higher education intensive development current trend with the help of innovative approaches to systematization necessitates the creation of system organizational and pedagogical conditions to achieve the maximum effect of foreign language teaching. In this paper we give the author’s definition of this system as a set of interconnected components necessary for the formation of written academic discourse skills. This system includes the following components (conditions): a) motivation; b) formedness of the students and teachers linguistic and computer competence; c) the language proficiency of students and teachers which is not below the C1 level on the common European of reference for language proficiency; d) the implementation of the technology “Learning in cooperation”; e) combination of classroom and extracurricular forms of work. We note the commonality of the methodological functions of the various types of self extracurricular work and skills in writing academic discourse, and develop a list of types of extracurricular forms of work and develop with them the skills of written academic discourse: writing an essay on a given topic, composing a Curriculum Vitae, writing an structural abstract, writing review of the work read, writing essays on writing speech given at scientific conferences, writing scientific papers, applications for participation in scientific events, the abstract writing for scientific article, writing report, writing poster presentation. We also propose a definition of the term “linguistic and computer competence”, which is interpreted as the set of language competencies and skills of modern information and communication technologies necessary for mastering of communicative skills in learning a foreign language.

In connection with the general concept of society informatization and education as its integral component, new requirements are imposed to knowledge and abilities of the main participants of educational process. Positive influence of information and communication technologies development on education is noted in many studies and in a number of official documents. Project activity meets the needs of society for the pragmatic use of educational resources in order to intensify education. Implementation of foreign-language Internet projects allows to form students’ grammatical skills of the speech. However, this result can be achieved when accounting a number of psychological and pedagogical conditions. We raise an issue on identification and justification of psychological and pedagogical conditions which have to be considered when developing a methodical system and technology of formation of students’ grammatical skills of the speech during implementation of foreign-language Internet projects. We designate the relevance of the problem and substantiate the accounting of following psychology and pedagogical conditions: a) balance of a theoretical component and practical importance; b) motivation of students when forming grammatical skills; c) foreign language skills at the level of Intermediate-Upper-Intermediate; d) developed information and communication competence of students; e) developed information and communication competence of teacher; f) existence of teaching technology. We substantiate and describe in detail each of the allocated conditions.

It is devoted to the study of borrowing methods in Chinese and the degree of influence of the English language on these methods on the example of terminological units from the digital economy sphere. The digital economy is one of the rapidly developing industries in the world, which attracts the attention of a large number of specialists from various fields of science. From the linguistics point of view, the interest of this industry is caused by the following question: what borrowing methods are used to “absorb” new vocabulary into the language, at a time when society in the shortest possible time receives a huge amount of information about new objects and phenomena from around the world? In other words: does the language manage to select the appropriate equivalents or adapt the phonetic calque for foreign lexical units? The aim of this work is to study the degree of influence of the English language on borrowing methods in Chinese. To achieve the goal, tasks were set. Firstly, to study the classification of borrowing methods of domestic and foreign sinologists. Among the many scientific works, we note the works of such scientists as V.I. Gorelov, A.L. Semenas, V.G. Burov, I.D. Klenin, V.F. Shchichko, Gāo Míngkǎi, Ruitsin Miao, Kui Zhu, Liu Yongquan. Secondly, to consider and describe in detail the graphical borrowing method in Chinese. The emphasis on this borrowing method was made because it examines in detail lexical units, consisting in whole or in part of Greek or Latin letters. Thirdly, to analyze the terminological base of the Chinese language from the digital economy sphere, that is, to distribute lexical units according to groups corresponding to borrowing methods.

Formation and preservation of social health of children is an urgent issue of pedagogical theory and practice. Trends in educational systems, interdisciplinary analysis of the concept, age approach allows to consider the social health of the child as a result of educational activity. Interrelation of pedagogical and administrative result of educational activity, examples of levels, criteria and indicators of social health of the child’s personality taking into account age. We conclude that the effectiveness of educational activities in the direction of the formation of social health of the child is the basis for the social security of the individual and society, education of a new culture of interaction that ensures the success of children in different fields of activity with the prospect of their future profession. Social health of a child’s personality is in social, soft skills (emotional intelligence, critical thinking, creativity, stress resistance, etc.). The pilot study confirmed the hypothesis that the increase in the effectiveness of educational activities is associated with the intensive inclusion of trainings on the development of social skills of the child, monitoring and active seminars for educators on the development of innovative technologies to ensure the social health of the child.

We identify the main problems faced by modern families in everyday life. We analyze studies of family and family values importance to the country population. Programming is noted as one of the promising directions of improving the modern society quality of life. We describe its methods. The main directions of the state family policy of the Russian Federation within the Tenth anniversary of childhood framework are taken as a basis for the activities and filling of events with families to form their value attitude to parenting. On the basis of the conducted research we identify and describe the levels of needs in the programs development for the value attitude formation to parenting existing in modern society. We reveal and determine groups of needs in the programs development for the formation of value attitude to parenting. We note that the selected groups of needs existing at different levels are interconnected with each other and are supported by the main directions of the state family policy of the Russian Federation. We conclude that at the present stage, taking into account the peculiarities of modern society, the creation of a full family, the birth of children and their proper upbringing is impossible without awareness of the true values of parenting and the perception of this status by the families themselves, as well as future parents. The development of value attitude to parenting among modern population is possible by attracting families and their members to participate in the programs activities to form a value attitude to parenting.

We consider the determinants (factors, means) of the professional and pedagogical competence development of future specialists in physical education and sports in the university educational space. We give their classification depending on the specifics of the impact on the professional and pedagogical competence development of students athletes. We present: 1) determinants that have a direct impact on students in the university educational process; 2) factors affecting future specialists in physical education and sports, indirectly – through interaction with other subjects at the university in the process of educational and upbringing activities “in the zone of proximal development” (according to L.S. Vygotsky); 3) determinants that affect future professionals through relationships in interest groups; 4) determinants of incentives (competition in educational or sports activities); 5) subjective determinants – citizenship, spiritual and moral values, motivation for sports and choosing a profession, responsibility, self-evaluation, level of aspiration, personality orientation, etc. The force of influence of different determinants is taken into account, considering the individual psychological and psychological-typological characteristics of students: strongly influencing, with medium influence, having low influence. We reveal the content, specificity and nature of the influence on the personality of future specialists. We present the psychological mechanism of their influence and the ways and methods of monitoring the development of their professional and pedagogical orientation.

We reveal the essence and specificity of civic education of youth in the context of functioning of cultural protective and environmental initiatives. We identify the features of profile-oriented social and educational work. We characterize the ways of involving young people in innovative project activities focused on civic education, the ecology and the protection of cultural heritage. Project activities are positioned as a special type of social creativity, the strategic goal of which is to create a well-organized community of initiative citizens. We give the characteristic of the activity of youth and civic initiatives centers; youth banks of social initiatives and business incubators. We show the role of noncommercial organizations in the development of youth volunteering. We analyze the tasks and prospects of holding festivals and competitions of civic initiatives, fairs of projects and quests. We summarize the activities experience of civic initiatives of young people of environmental and ecocultural orientation, as well as the work of virtual leisure communities for the integration of volunteers (on the example of the Moscow and Saint Petersburg community of bloggers). We systematize data on the most popular environmental and ecocultural projects that have become widespread in Russia. We analyze the features of implementation of projects “Ecobeg”, “Plogging”, “Tom Sawyer Fest”; we also reveal their city historic preservation orientation, focus on the development of healthy lifestyle and charity.

We consider the organization methods of art and project activities teaching to designers, including several types: artist, project, information and technology, organization and management, research and teaching, in the modernization of professional education and new state standards adoption. That allows to build a mobile teaching system on the level of modern computer technologies, methods of communication and information transfer. We present the comparative characteristic of methods. It reflects degree of students activity and independence in project activity teaching to designers according to the main stages of design project. In this study we consider the project activity of the designer on the principle of double entry as a mean and result of future professional activity, the methods system as a way of organizing educational, cognitive and project activities of students. The focus is on active and interactive methods of project activities teaching to designers: “round table”, “brainstorming”, business games, case method, including special: workshop, creative overview and choice following the stages of project design, which allow the most effective to realize individual and group work on the design project. The universality of our early approaches to the choice of teaching methods and the developed automated system allows us to modify the existing database of methods following the specifics of project design, which enables to use it in the system of training designers.

The study deals with the characterization of the local singing tradition of the Chernyanoye village, Tambov District, Tambov Region, within which now lies the Nizhnyaya Mazovka village – the birthplace of the People’s Artist of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, M.N. Mordasova. We solve the problem of reconstruction of the process of transformation of cultural tradition under the influence of social environment. The reverse side of our problem is the agents influence of folk tradition on the changing society. The study leads us to the conclusion that the local singing tradition reaches a high level by the beginning of the 20th century and under the influence of modernization and paradigmatic breakdown of the socio and political system is transformed. The originality of the work of the outstanding folk singer Maria Mordasova is interpreted as a result of the unique singing nature and personal emotional entry into the centuries-old heritage of folk art. The uniqueness of the musical and aesthetic perception of the world peculiar to the outstanding representatives of the local singing tradition is explained by complex interpersonal relationships, individual experience of participation in artistic communication. In this research we use methods from the field of philosophy of culture, sociology of music, cultural studies, pedagogical anthropology.

We consider a special area of didactics – teaching people of mature age. We chose choreographic art as a sphere of students' skills development. We define not only the features of choreography, but also the specifics of the motor activity development in people of mature age using means of choreographic art revealing physiological limitations and development ways of the body of this age. The author's approach to the teaching methods in choreographic art to people of mature age is in the formation of the students’ attitude to choreography as part of a healthy lifestyle culture. Within developed programme of continuous education “Older generation” we prepared methodical materials, a fragment of which is in the publication.

We consider current problems of scientific and theoretical representations development about competitive infrastructure of Sports and ballroom dancing which are not provided with sufficient scientific comprehension. The purpose is to determine the basis of division used in the world practice of international organizations for sports and ballroom dancing for the classification of competitions, performers, their skills, etc. Interest in sports and ballroom dancing, as a form of social, cultural and leisure activities, increases every year not only abroad but also in Russia. Sports and ballroom dancing in its structure have two programs: Latin American, which includes dances – Cha-cha-cha, Rumba, Samba, Jive, Pasodoble and European, dance – slow waltz, Viennese (fast) waltz, Slow Foxtrot, Quickstep, Tango. Dance and sports clubs cover in their work all age categories from children of three years to people of retirement age. Dance associations are based in cultural institutions, cultural and leisure type, in secondary schools, and in higher education institutions in the framework of additional education or the organization of cultural and leisure activities. Each dance and sports club, as an element of the structure, is registered in any Russian official organization for ballroom dancing, which, in turn, is a regional and part of the international organization for ballroom dancing. Now, there are actively there are four: 1) WDSF – World DanceSport Federation; 2) WDC – World Dance Council; 3) IDSU – International Dance Sport Union; 4) IDSCA – International Dance Studios and Clubs Association. Each of the organizations provides, contests, competitions, tournaments, Championships of Europe, Asia, world, etc. To analyze the material, we use a comparative typological method. We discover the similarities features and differences in the international organizations activities in sports and ballroom dancing, this information is scientifically investigated for the first time. We define the importance of sports and ballroom dancing competitive and amateur infrastructure for the development of culture and strengthening of a population healthy lifestyle. Also, for the first time in scientific circulation we introduce a systematic material on the activities of international organizations in sports and ballroom dancing.

We consider the problem of profile education of school students in classes with an economic bias. We substantiate the relevance of this issue, based on modern requirements for the level of training of an economic specialist, the formation of his professional competencies in various related fields and the need for early career guidance. The purpose of the article is to consider the above problem from the standpoint of the professional culture formation of future specialist in early stages of professional self-determination and professional self-realization. In particular, we emphasize the need to form the basis of information and analytical culture of specialized economic classes students. We reveal the concept of information and analytical culture, the need for the formation of this type of culture among future economists. We consider the main areas that are included in this problem field. We analyze the basis of information and analytical culture formation from the standpoint of its role in the field of the general culture of a professional (in the field of economics) and the main aspects that predetermine the need for an adequate level of formation of this type of culture for effective economic activity. To achieve the results, we use the methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis-isolation of structural-component elements of complex-composition phenomena, generalization, description. Results: we present the areas (spheres) that make up the basis of information and analytical culture, we characterize their elements and present their brief description. We substantiate the essence of the information and analytical culture formation of specialized economic classes students on the example of practice-oriented basis of its successful implementation.

We propose new approaches to the fractal modeling of development processes of the South Russian frontier zone. We propose to consider these processes in more partitive periods of time and at the level of individual settlements development that arose on the frontier territory. We introduce materials of statistical and reference publications of the first half of the 19th century. Study of new materials allowed to generate new model indicators: the ratio of agriculture and farming in individual counties; the compliance degree of grain prices in towns of frontier zones to the metropolis prices. In the result we refine the previously formulated provision stating that by the mid 19th century all counties of South-Central Russia became part of the Old-Moscow metropolis. We specify that on 1820 and 1840 time segments isolated counties remained not fully developed in economic and social terms. We outline the first approaches to modeling the development processes of the frontier zone at the settlement level on such criteria as the period of foundation, social composition of the first settlers, places of settlement. Changes in the social composition of the individual settlements population during the frontier development.

We consider the colonization specifics of the Southeastern European Russia in the middle of the 17th – early of the 18th centuries. Based on the set of sources study we show the interaction between the state and various groups of Russian society in this process. The original statement is that in terms of its basic characteristics, the development of the southeastern and southern borders of the country was a single process, but had its own specifics for individual regions. The features of the Southeast were: the complex ethnic and confessional composition of the indigenous population, the presence of historical memory of former statehood among some residents, as well as a number of other factors. We conclude that the use of traditional in Russian historiography colonization theory methods is not enough to study this problem. It is necessary to use new approaches and, in particular, the frontier theory, adapted for the Russian reality of the period under consideration.

The study of the process of state territory expansion and the formation of state borders is a relevant problem of historical science. We set a goal: to show how this process went on in the Southeast of Russia in the 17th – 18th centuries. In the context of the regionalization of domestic historical science, frontier theory is an important methodological tool. It allows applying theoretical and concrete historical scientists’ solutions to the study of the southeastern frontier of Russia obtained as a result of studying other border territories, in particular the southern and Volga frontier. The main results of this study define the southeast frontier and sets its geographic parameters, covering mainly the territory of Bashkiria, which has been part of Russia since the middle of the 16th century. We substantiate the role of fortress cities and fortified lines in the formation of the southeast frontier zone. We show the process of state borders formation in this region. We draw conclusion that, regardless of the construction motives, the fortress cities became a political tool for securing new lands within the Russian state, and contributed to the gradual transformation of the frontier territory into an internal region (county, governorate).

We consider the subordination of cities and counties of the southern borderland (Black Earth Region) to Moscow prikazes. We determine that the main prikaz for the Black Earth Region was the Order-in-charge prikaz, which concentrated in its hands the military, administrative, financial and judicial management of the South. Specific tasks in the south of Russia were solved by other prikazes: Ambassadorial, Domestic, Prikaz of Riflemen, Robbery Prikaz and others. The Don Cossacks were in charge of the Ambassadorial prikaz, and were supplied with bread from the Black Earth Region territory. The Domestic prikaz endowed the service class people with lands, kept records of manors and patrimonial estates. The Prikaz of Riflemen supervised riflemen and city Cossacks. The Robbery prikaz organized the fight against criminal offenses. Throughout the 17th century, the competence of the Order-in-charge prikaz in relation to the cities of the Black Earth Region expanded. According to the documents, the desire of prikazes chiefs to expand the competence of their department is traced.

We consider peasants record features in service class people in the late of 16th century in the conditions of St. George’s day norms cancellation. During the period under review, new fortresses were built on the southern outskirts of Russia. Their population was represented by serving class people of different social groups, mainly, city Cossacks and streltsy. The government allowed employing peasants who were willing to change their social status. We show the special rules of recording peasants in service class people, also we consider their service organization features for the first time in the garrison of the fortress.

We propose a systematic approach to the study of the South Russian counties garrisons formation principles located along the Belgorod and Tambov lines. We consider the state policy on attraction of various categories of the population for record in military people, including different social groups: peasants, relatives of service class people, townspeople. Particular attention is paid to attracting immigrants from the Don and Ukraine to new countries. We note economic and social measures to attract migrants. On the basis of new documents we trace the policy of the Russian government on forcible resettlement to the southern border of exiles which in the middle of 17th century considerably strengthened a number of local garrisons. We emphasize the predominant role of government colonization of the southern suburbs in the 17th century.

We analyze data on the ranks of service class people in the cities and counties of the southern frontier of Russia in 1676/77. We identify 39 cities with and without counties, which can undoubtedly be attributed to the southern frontier. We raise the problem of determining the northern border of the southern Russian frontier in the 2nd half of the 17th century. We identify thirteen ranks of service class people of the urban service. We considered the distribution of thirteen ranks in 39 cities. Based on the obtained data, we calculate the number of ranks in each city/county. In addition, we reveal the prevalence of each rank in the cities and counties of the southern Russian frontier.

The relevance of this study is due to the recent increased interest in the political, social, economic and demographic processes that took place in the frontier region of South Russia in the 17th century, which included the Voronezh Region. Its territory was involved in large scale demographic processes, there was a settlement and development of edge lands. In the late 1630s, the government placed cherkassys in the Voronezh Region, which later became a part of the military population. Based on the sources, we study the dynamics of changes in the number of cherkassy contingent of the region in the 1630–1680s, and reveal that their number during this period underwent significant changes. We consider the main factors that could make an influence on the cherkassy number in the region, one of which, for example, could be the resettlement of cherkassy in neighboring regions. Also, the dynamics of changes in the cherkassy number in Voronezh Region in the 1630–1680s, presented in this study, on the one hand, systematize the data sources and literature that relate to this aspect; on the other hand, it can be further used by researchers to compare with other categories of service population of the region, as well as to study the demography in this period.

We consider the process of Russia state territory expansion in the southern direction, which took place in the 16th – 17th centuries. We analyze the network formation process of orthodox churches and monasteries in the frontier zone – on the southern outskirts of Russia. We made an attempt to determine the role of the state in this process. It is concluded that the state provided the construction of the necessary number of churches and monasteries, as well as allocated funds to ensure their activities in the future.

We consider Tsna region territory in the late of 14th – early 17th century from the point of view frontier theory. We made a conclusion that about Tsna region of the first quarter of the 17th century, one can speak about the inner frontier, that is, as existing on the contact zone, where permanent Russian settlements interspersed in places of residence of the local autochthony population. Based on the sources analysis we identify ethnic composition of the population of Tsna region. In this study we raise the interaction problem of different ethnic groups in the border area. The study deals with the gradual formation of a local intercultural society within the inner frontier of Tsna region at the turn of the 14th – 17th centuries.

Since the second half of the 19th century, a new committee was created to prepare for the transformation of the spiritual and educational institutions. The new committee in the development of the charter took into account the suggestions of the special Committee for the preparation of the «Draft charter of 1862». The new charter includes the definition of an educational institution and the evaluation of the education it provides: general, special. The disciplines and the number of hours, the coherence of subjects with theological lessons were determined. A problematic issue of the Tambov Seminary at that time was a large number of state-serving students and the constant growth of eparchial funds for the maintenance of the seminary, the decision of which was taken up by the newly created temporary committee for improving the life of the seminary. The year 1860 in the Tambov Seminary became transitional, from which gradual preparation began for changes in the teaching and educational processes of the seminary, including the search for additional funds for household needs, the introduction of new and the abolition of certain subjects, as well as the development of programs in those subjects that remained in a seminar course. The participation of the Seminary pedagogy corporation in the preparation of the new charter inspired teachers and contributed to the fact that already in the first half of the 1860s they aimed to update many aspects of the life of the Tambov Seminary.

We center on the issue of studying merchant land ownership and land use in Tambov Governorate in the 19th century. The relevance of this study is due to the need to fill the source and historiographical gap in the study of the Russian version of social and economic business activities in the agricultural sector in the pre-reform period. The results are promising for solving the problems facing the agriculture of our region at the present stage. Currently, one of the priorities of social and economic development of the Tambov Region is to increase the competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex, the qualitative development of rural areas. The scientific novelty is associated with the consideration of merchant farms through the analysis of innovative forms formation of rationalism and entrepreneurship in agriculture at the micro level. Consideration of the merchant activities conditions allows to fully disclose previously unknown aspects of social modernization, to characterize the specifics of the entrepreneurial functions implementation in the agricultural sector, to assess the dynamics of new forms of economy development in our region in the pre-reform period. The activities of entrepreneurs in the agricultural business, their role in the process of agricultural society modernization in Russia is still undisclosed in concrete historical manifestations. Issues of the private-owned merchant farms development in Tambov Governorate has not yet been the subject of serious scientific analysis.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to fill the historiographical gap in the study of the parks and gardens history of Tambov estates. We consider the problem of organization of park and garden zones of Tambov landowners’ possessions in the post-reform period. We show changes in regional features of the landscape, composition, structure and elements of the park organization. We study the main reasons for the decline in park creation after 1861, the peculiarity and depth of this process. We show the influence of the economic crisis on Tambov landowner’s position as a part of consideration about the sources of green areas depletion of Tambov estates. We reveal that the owners needed time for the economic adaptation of the estates, there was not enough money to establish profitable savings and to form a new property administration system. In relation to the history of Tambov mansions, we identify a number of new areas of park art (commercial gardens). We analyze the process of gradual transformation of the regular and landscape style in the planning of green areas. This material allowed us to show that, thanks to creative continuity and the accumulation of valuable practical skills, landowners of the pre-reform time largely managed to overcome the gap between two epochs, and opened a new page in the development of Russian park-building. Considering the specific changes in the park areas of the Tambov Governorate estates, we analyze the material on the possessions of the Chicherins, Vorontsov-Dashkovs, Lodygins, Petrovo-Solovovs and Orlovs-Davydovs. A feature of the parks and gardens of these landowners was a symbiosis of the local flora and samples adapted to local conditions uncharacteristic for the Tambov nature. The desire to increase the attractiveness of their parks forced the owners to look for new plants to create original exteriors. A separate aspect of the study is the characteristic of commercial gardening in Tambov estates, the specificity of forestry in large economies of the region.

We highlight unknown circumstances of the title and surname transfer of Counts Perovsky to M.M. Petrovo-Solovovo – a statesman, a representative of an ancient aristocratic family who owned an estate in the Kirsanovsky County of the Tambov Governorate on the basis of new archive sources that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. In various local history interpretations, modern periodicals that somehow transmit a historical narrative about the last owner of the Karay-Saltykovsky estate, there is a wide variety of versions of how M.M. Petrovo-Solovovo became Count Perovsky (mainly the title inheritance from mother is mentioned). The purpose of this study is a detailed reconstruction of the titled surname Perovsky transfer in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century. Methodologically the study is based on historiographic criticism of documents and analysis of legislation on noble surnames based on the data of genealogical studies of different years. We pay special attention to the historical context of the analyzed events. We prove that the transfer initiative came from M.M. Petrovo-Solovovo’s aunt – maid of honor of the Empress, Countess V.B. Perovskaya, who, having previously secured the permission of the emperor, was able to begin the formal transfer process, although under the law as a female person she did not have such rights. We introduce new information both in Russian genealogical historiography as a whole, and in the history of the Petrovo-Solovovo clan and Tambov’s local history in particular.

We investigate specifically and comprehensively the orphans situation and transformation of social protection system in the Civil War years and its ultimate phase Tambov Rebellion in the Tambov Governorate through the lens of children’s everyday life and policy of the Soviet government. On the basis of a wide complex of primary materials attraction, first of all archival documents, we representatively and specially investigate various little-known aspects of the scientific problem declared in study. We generalize practices of children survival in the incredibly bloody and violent clashes of rebels and parts of the Red Army in one region – Tambov Governorate. We reveal the conditions of children placement in concentration camps, as well as attempts of the authorities to regulate their situation, to stabilize the morbidity of children and catastrophic child mortality. We provide the specific data on the peculiarities of orphans charity in the conditions of Civil War, Tambov Rebellion, new economic policy at the regional and county level, which allows to evaluate not only the social policy of the Soviet government, but also the survival of children’s society in the chronological period under consideration. We clarify the consequences of taking rebel family members (residents of the region who joined A.S. Antonov) hostage and using children as an attractive mechanism to combat “banditry”. We specially consider the influence of “party and class” selection of children at their admission to orphanages, as well as taking into account their social origin, the position of parents. We reveal the main results of the new economic policy (NEP) impact on children’s social protection and the constriction of the existing practice of orphans charity in the conditions of the actual cessation of funding for many children’s institutions. We draw conclusions about the historical experience, traditions and features of the children survival, including orphans at the regional level (governorate and county) in the conditions of hunger strikes of the 20s of the 20th century, which allowed to successfully reconstruct the actual population situation of the Tambov Governorate in the post-revolutionary period. We give the characteristics of the local authorities’ policy, the interaction of the capital and the regions in the conditions of almost incessant cataclysms and social disasters of the first years of Soviet power.

We consider the historiographical traditions of both domestic and foreign historiography on the study of the childhood history, children’s daily life, the history of motherhood and childhood, social welfare and charity of “children of misfortune” both in the capital and at the provincial level in the first third of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of methodological approaches and research practices, we identify the most successful, complex and effective, including consideration of various poorly studied aspects of the claimed scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system study that are significantly different from the works of the capital’s historians. We refine the approaches and interpretation in the study of the role and place of the social state in the Russian Empire and the policy of Soviet authorities in relation to orphans. We reveal the main posed questions of the prospects of historiographical study of a wide range of childhood history problems. We draw conclusions about the results of the study of social protection and charity of orphans system in both pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account the regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy in the study of charitable support and private public initiative of the period under review. We reveal the stereotypical approaches and assessments in relation to the system development of social charity and welfare for “children of misfortune” in imperial and Soviet Russia.

We set the goal to study the development of passenger and freight motor-vehicle transport, the effectiveness of which ensures the continuous operation of large and small industrial enterprises, as well as the urban trading network and the services sector. We analyze the problem on the basis of archival sources drawn from the funds of the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region (SACH UR) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR), which are first put into scientific circulation, as well as materials from a monograph and dissertation research by authors from both regional and Russian level. In the course of the work, we reveal the trends in the development of passenger and freight motor-vehicle transport, its problems and achievements. We consider the measures taken by local party bodies to increase the functioning efficiency of motor-vehicle transport during the twelfth Five-year plan, the development trends of urban transport, as well as its problems and achievements. As a result of the study, we conclude that passenger transport is an important link in the urban economy system, without which the existence of the city as a whole would not have been possible, and its development peak occurred precisely in the years under consideration (1986–1990) when intensive construction of industrial facilities and housing was carried out in the city. The intensive development of urban transport was also associated, with the labor of rationalizers who developed new projects of innovative technologies introduction, which made it possible to increase labor efficiency.

We consider the activity of B.P. Mansurov in organizing Russian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. We describe the preparation, course and results of B.P. Mansurov’s trip to the Orthodox East (1857) that largely predetermined the nature of the Russian presence in Palestine. In the framework of this trip, we consider the reasons for creating the joint-stock company “Russian Company of Shipping and Trading”. We reveal that created as an attempt to preserve the presence of Russia on the Black Sea coast, the company set the task to facilitate the movement of Russian pilgrims to Palestine and Athos. By this step, the Russian government intended to increase Russia’s humanitarian influence in the region. We pay attention to B.P. Mansurov’s service instructions in trip to the East, the significance of his work for the publication of the “Guide to the Orthodox Worshiper to Holy Places”, and also Mansurov’s own views on the problem of Russian Orthodox pilgrimage in Palestine. We show that B.P. Mansurov’s program envisaged an increase in the intensity of the steamship communication with Palestine, the acquisition of land and construction of pilgrimage shelters, the erection of temples for the Russian worship. The development issues of Orthodox pilgrimage should be managed through the Russian consulates operating in the Middle East, including in Jerusalem itself. Consideration of results of the journey in 1857 allowed to draw conclusions about the significant role of B.P. Mansurov in the history of the Russian presence in the Holy Land.

We consider the problems of development of small land tenure in Eastern Galicia in the second half of 19th – early of 20th century. We show the dynamics of the property stratification of peasant population, the reasons for the households fragmentation. We characterize the development of the rural bourgeoisie and the rural proletariat, the growth of the number of small-land and landless peasant households among the Rusyns-Ukrainian population is shown. We show the change in the peasants’ social and economic status, the dynamics of demonstrations related to the problems of land parcelling between landowners and peasants after the serfdom abolition. For the purpose of lands protection the peasants resorted to the demonstrations including, first of all, such forms of fight as disruption of works (performed in the withdrawn territory by woodcutters, shepherds, ploughmen, etc.). We conclude that in Galicia, the vast majority of peasant families could not feed themselves from their land, and therefore a huge number of poor low-income and landless peasants were forced to leave their native land, looking for work mainly in the New World counties and Prussia. We characterize an unequal taxation of the peasant and landowner households. The land cadastre was carried out so that quite identical lands of peasants and landowners were assigned to different categories, always considering peasant lands better than landowners’.