We examine the formation of the concept of “value orientations”, “professional value orientations of students”. The classification is presented taking into account the following professional value orientations: “professional and personal”, “professional and group”, “social and professional”. Professional value orientations are analyzed taking into account their importance, with subdivision into instrumental and terminal ones. We consider the development of professional value orientations in a historical and logical sequence with a change of stages, with characteristic features, taking into account the presented classification. The following periods are considered: the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, 20–40s of the 20th century, 50–60s of the 20th century, 60–80s of the 20th century, 80–90s of the 20th century, 21th century. The characteristic features of the stage, the means of influencing the value orientations of young people, are analyzed, which made it possible to identify the transformation of professional value orientations over time, including in the context of Internet socialization.

The research is devoted to the analysis of the positive possibilities of L. Wittgenstein’s dialogical method for the development of critical thinking. We define the role and functions of dialogue in L. Wittgenstein’s philosophy, reveal the critical orientation and didactic potential of his dialogical “grammar”. L. Wittgenstein’s discourse is compared with the philosophizing of Socrates, the similarities and differences in the approaches of both thinkers are revealed. Wittgenstein’s attitude to analyze philosophical problems by comparing different models of language games is used in research as an effective methodological principle. It is explained that the regulatory aspect of L. Wittgenstein’s philosophical grammar makes it possible to clarify the mechanism of the origin and functioning of human thinking. It is shown that L. Wittgenstein was able to develop a special model of understanding based on dialogue, interpersonal agreement regarding the meaning of the words and expressions used. It is revealed that participation in philosophical dialogue, according to L. Wittgenstein, presupposes the ability and readiness of individuals to critically assess their beliefs and be guided in behavior by reasonable arguments. It is emphasized that
L. Wittgenstein’s style of thinking is aimed at developing not only critical, but also creative thinking. The scientific novelty of the research lies in substantiating the pedagogical significance of
L. Wittgenstein’s dialogical method, aimed at educating a critically thinking person. As a result, it is concluded that dialogue provides communicative consent due to the correct use of words in speech. L. Wittgenstein’s method excludes the possibility of achieving an unambiguous, universal definition of the meaning of a word, assumes a description of various cases of its use in the context of language games. Through dialogue, L. Wittgenstein in his later works instills in the reader the ability to constructively interact with another point of view, forms a willingness to discover and create new things, teaches how to overcome the dogmatic view of the world.

We consider the reasons for technologization of the educational process at the university and a practical example of the creation of pedagogical technology within the framework of the teaching course “Psychology and Pedagogy”. The structure is presented and all stages of implementation of each of its components are described in detail. The interaction and continuity of technology components is shown, both in theoretical planning and when filling them with specific educational material and practical implementation. The implementation of the general concept at each subsequent stage is consistently described, which gives the technology integrity and helps to expediently fill the content and procedural parts. We also describe an example of using analysis of trends in education to update the content and procedural parts of technology. Specific examples of real and virtual space use for the implementation of technology, various software and hardware are given. The features of students transfer to subject-subject relations by providing them with an independent choice of tools for personal self-development, more focused on increasing educational motivation, are disclosed in detail. The role and functions of a teacher based on the principle of humanism declared in the concept are described. General results and conclusions on the practical implementation of this technology are presented.

We substantiate the relevance of the use of pedagogical design at different levels of education, including preschool, general, and higher education. It is noted that in order to ensure the development of future bachelors’ ability to organize the artistic and aesthetic development of preschool children, taking into account the principles of pedagogical design, it is necessary to design and implement an educational discipline for bachelors of pedagogical education, the profile “Preschool Education” – “Method of Artistic and Aesthetic Development of a Preschooler”. For this purpose, modern interpretations of the term “pedagogical design” are analyzed, and the stages of the ADDIE method of pedagogical design are studied. Pedagogical design is defined as the collaborative process of developing a course using specific learning goals and pedagogical theories to define learning strategies, activities, and assessments to achieve the desired educational outcomes. It is revealed that pedagogical design uses design principles to promote student engagement and includes the development of structures, digital learning objects, and multimedia resources to improve the quality of teaching and learning. We disclose the conceptual and analytical stage of the pedagogical design of the course “Methods of Artistic and Aesthetic Development of a Preschooler” taking into account Bloom’s taxonomy and knowledge types by L.W. Anderson and
D.R. Krathwohl. The results of the survey of students are presented. It is noted that the use of pedagogical design is a promising direction that allows building mixed learning. It is established that the effective format of interaction between the teacher and the student in the framework of mixed learning will be Face-to-face driver, when the teacher gives the main volume of the educational plan in person and uses online training as an auxiliary.

The educational process undergoes constant change and transformation, which emphasizes the inevitability of changes associated with corresponding transformations in society. Thus, we find more and more evidence that the development of ways to use Internet technologies in the educational process is a continuous occupation, requiring constant research and additions. Modeling, considered from the point of view of the methods for foreign languages teaching, is regarded by scientists to be the direction of development of this science mainly related to the content of teaching, as well as the sequence of work on the development of material. A methodical model for the development of grammatical skills of students based on realization of foreign-language Internet projects is developed, consisting of an ideological component (the idea of perspective, phasing, potential difference, separation of efforts), an associated analytical and information component consisting of strategic and tactical prerequisites. The model is built on the basis of systemic, competent, communicative, personal-activity and project-modular approaches, which include, along with the principles (phasing, predictability, step-by-step feedback, productivity, security of project activities, development and self-development, Internet ethics and rational tolerance, flexibility, functionality, novelty, feasibility, practical significance, individual responsibility, facilitation, creating the necessary conditions for participants in project activities) and methods (project method, method of problem learning) in the theoretical and methodological component. The hierarchical relationship of the described and updated components of the model is substantiated.

We discuss the existing programme of the elective discipline “Teaching Methods in the Format of International Exams” for Master’s Degree linguist student of pedagogical profile, which presents familiarization of students to the formats of ten international exams. In the process of modernizing the program, it was decided to focus only on the formats of tasks for the TOEFL, IELTS and CAE exams, which complement the content of the main course for Master’s Degree students of pedagogical profile “Theory and Methods of Foreign Languages Teaching” in the linguodidactic aspect. The selected tasks are appropriate for introducing to the students of non-linguistic, in particular, technical, universities in the foreign language training program. Integrated tasks in the TOEFL format that implement the principle of interconnected teaching of reading, listening, and speaking/writing are developed similarly by the Master’s Degree linguist students for English language textbooks for students of non-linguistic universities. A detailed analysis of the methods for working with integrated tasks created by the Master’s Degree students is presented. Visual and informational materials from the “writing” section of the academic version of the IELTS exam are the implementation of the methodic principle of professional orientation of teaching. The introduction of graph, bar chart, diagram or table descriptions in foreign language teaching has a high degree of relevance for students of non-linguistic university, especially those of a technical specialization. We show the distribution of lexical and grammatical aspects and developed skills of foreign language learners in accordance with the types of visual and informational materials. The development of universal learning activities (ULA) of students in the process of teaching the description of visual and informational materials is justified. Listening comprehension in the format of the CAE international exam can be used as an element of students preparation for conference activities. Modernization of the elective course programme provides better quality of training for Master’s Degree linguist students aimed at foreign language teaching in a non-linguistic university.

Competency-based approach prevailing in higher schools requires the use of linguodidactic techniques that allow integrating the study of a foreign language into the process of professional knowledge and skills development. We consider the bilingual aspect of professionally oriented foreign language teaching of future physicians, which is the foothold of language education for non-linguistic training programmes. The aim of the study is to combine these two factors into one methodic strategy that takes into account the peculiarities of teaching students 31.05.03 “Dentistry” programme. We substantiate the passage of duplicate, additive and parity stages of artificial bilingualism of future specialists with the simultaneous development of knowledge in Russian and English and focusing on the components of language competencies necessary for students in this programme. We propose the use of television discussion in its two forms: asynchronous written in the form of a blog and synchronous oral in the form of tandem. Each of them is analyzed, broken down into organizational stages and adjusted to the conditions of teaching dentist students. The stages of training future physician using television discussion are described.

The analysis of errors induced by cross-language interference in the sounding speech of Italian-speaking students is carried out. The material was collected by continuous sampling. The results of the analysis showed that the system of the Russian language, which is not easy to learn, and the influence of the native language and English as compulsory in the study of Italian students, are the main reasons for errors in sounding speech. The relevance of the undertaken research is explained by the fact that the compilation of a typology of speech errors and the inclusion of each of them in the corresponding paradigm is the key to successful teaching work leading to excellent results in mastering the normative Russian language by Italian-speaking students. The subject of the research is the errors induced by cross-language interference in the sounding speech of Italian-speaking students. The purpose of this research is to analyze the linguistic and psychological nature of the speech errors of our recipients. 

We discuss modern approaches to social and pedagogical support of disabled children and their families. Based on modern statistical data and an analysis of its dynamics in recent years, the deterioration of the situation with child disability in the Russian Federation is indicated, which inevitably actualizes the state social policy in this area. The legal framework for recognizing a child as a disabled person and his subsequent social protection is analyzed. A reasonable conclusion is made about the insufficiency of an exclusively legislative approach to social support of a disabled child. It is determined that disabled children are children with various mental or physical abnormalities that cause developmental disorders that prevent children from living a full life. Disabled children as a social category need social protection, help, support. The leading position in the upbringing, socialization, meeting needs, education, career guidance of a child with developmental problems is held by the family. Problems, features, functions of the family of a disabled child are identified. Activities to assist parents in raising a disabled child are one of the most important areas of social and pedagogical support. The concepts of social support, social and pedagogical support of disabled children are analyzed. We give definition of social and pedagogical support, considered as a set of measures aimed at: social and communicative development of children; development of cognitive mental processes in disabled children; physical development of disabled children and emotional-volitional development. It is concluded that properly organized social and pedagogical support effectively helps disabled children acquire the qualities necessary for their functioning in society, develop social communication, receive education.

An important place in the system of correction of the mental state of people is occupied by the problem of assessing the quality of the provision of services in a medical institution. We disclose indicators for assessing the quality of social and psychological services in a day hospital “Lipetsk Regional Psychoneurological Hospital”. To expand the approaches to identifying the quality of services provided, we propose integrated assessment criteria in the activities of the day hospital. The opinion of the staff of a neuropsychiatric institution on the use of modern methods of treatment (therapy), attitude to the effectiveness of their work is studied. The attitude of persons with mental disorders to the conditions of stay and satisfaction with the services provided in the day hospital are revealed. In working with patients of this institution, an important place should be occupied by psychosocial work using methods of social therapy. The main focus of such work is associated with the development and restoration of social ties (with the family, work collective), as well as with the development of socially positive forms of behavior.

We define the features of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school as an innovative model and technology for solving problems of personality development. The problems of theorization the possibilities of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school are identified and systemically justified, the goal of theorization the possibilities of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school is indicated. The concepts of “managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school”, “theorization the possibilities of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school” in the traditional (broad meaning, narrow meaning, local meaning) and innovative perspectives of scientific theorization (personalized meaning, unified meaning, synergistic meaning). The components of scientific and pedagogical research are theorized in refinement and detail of models of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school, functions of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school, principles of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school, technologies of managing the involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school. We define the pedagogical conditions for increasing involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school. Perspectives of theorization and realization of possibilities of involvement quality of a person in the sports and educational environment of the sports school are highlighted.

We reveal the features of the development of project activity skills among students in the educational environment of the university. It is substantiated that the project activity, which is used in the teaching process of students, contributes to the development of knowledge, skills, it is able to form the competencies they need, to become a versatile personality. It is proved that in the educational environment, willingness to learn new knowledge, skills, focus on results, hard work is being developed, creative thinking is developing, and most importantly, high skill and qualification are acquired. It is concluded that the design process is a kind of transition of the student from one state to another, step-by-step conditions that allow you to achieve great educational, practical results in a shorter period of time. The design process is the most effective and comfortable for students, since this process focuses on the individuality of each person, which, in the process of joint, teamwork, undergoes changes in the student himself, by taking a certain role in the design process. It is proved that the creation in the educational environment of the most favorable conditions for the development of students’ skills leads to the successful and effective formation of a holistic, informed personality, which, in turn, is the driving force for the development of society as a whole. The skills that a graduate possesses determine the level of development of the educational environment.

The study is devoted to examining the essence of the phenomenon of social and cultural urbanism – an extensive interdisciplinary field of research devoted to cities and the processes of urban lifestyle formation, urban leisure, overcoming depersonalization, asociality and isolation of citizens, their mutual alienation and antipathy. The modern city is considered as a specific, rationally organized territory; a special self-developing whole organism, where a uniquely organized social and patial environment arises, the form of existence of a particular society. The problems of social and cultural urbanism are connected with mass urban culture and leisure, within the framework of which projects of recreation zones are being developed that positively affect the development of urban spaces and communities, making them attractive to residents and tourists. In any urban environment, a special way and type of culture develops; in the structure of the settlement functional clusters are formed that integrate the life, work and leisure of citizens. The quality of human life largely depends on the state of the social and cultural environment created in the city (quality of housing, public services, communications, trade, health care, education, etc.). The urban social and cultural environment is positioned as a complex self-organizing subsystem of the urban structure, characterized by a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators. The urban environment through the methods of people interaction forms a unique social and psychological type of personality, which is characterized by rationality, mobility, willingness to change, the subordination of one’s own interests to the needs of others, the ability to overcome the difficulties of reality. Common problems of the urban social and cultural environment are insufficient cultural and leisure infrastructure; low living standards and purchasing power of the population; lack of sustainable cultural and historical traditions; lack of active partnership between organizations of the spheres of culture, leisure and art in solving city problems.

We make attempt to understand the scientific status of leisure pedagogy and its relationship with other scientific and pedagogical directions, primarily with the theory, methods and organization of socio-cultural activities. It is shown that the source for identifying the specifics of leisure pedagogy are leisure studies conducted by domestic and foreign scientists from the positions of sociology and cultural studies of leisure. Based on the analysis of recent scientific publications (N.I. Bocharova, A.F. Volovik, V.P. Krestyanov, G.A. Oparin, O.G. Tikhonova, N.V. Sharkovskaya et al.) we give the author’s definition of leisure pedagogy as an integral and systemically organized scientific-pedagogical and practice-oriented direction in modern socio-cultural education and upbringing, revealing the regularities of the pedagogical process in the field of leisure. The special mission of leisure pedagogy is to provide conditions for the formation of an individual’s ability to self-development in the field of leisure, to increase their own leisure competence.

The relevance of the research is related to the need to develop pedagogical strategies for the formation of reading generations. The analysis of domestic studies of reading of teenagers for the last 50 years is carried out. We identify and describe the basic characteristics of teenagers reading behavior. Research results show that reading occupies a fairly stable place among the priority forms of leisure activities, despite the growing diversity and availability of other forms of leisure time. But due to the psychological and physiological characteristics of adolescence, their dynamism, it is not its main form. It is shown that the reading intensity of teenagers changes under the influence of the social situation. The development of computer technologies, the increase in educational loads, and the general lack of time reduce reading activity, but do not exclude teenagers from reading activities in general. The repertoire of teenager reading is gradually narrowing, limited to 2–3 genres. It is established that the top three most influential agents of influence on teenager reading include friends, parents, and teachers. Conclusions are drawn about the need for pedagogical support of teenagers reading activity. The main pedagogical tasks are defined: formation of teenagers’ awareness of the value of reading as a way of intellectual leisure, maintaining the balance of entertainment and cognitive motives for reading, expanding the genre and thematic repertoire of books read.

We examine and study the category “Culture of piano performance and intonation”, an important component of the education of professional competence and skill of the future teacher-musician. The subject of the research is the process of educating the culture of piano performance-intonation. The purpose of the research is a scientific and theoretical substantiation of the concept of education of the piano intonation culture. The relevance of the research is that there is a need to study the features of the process of educating the culture of piano performance and intonation. It is established that the content aspects of educating the culture of piano performance and intonation depend on the target setting for the development of a competent personality of the future teacher-musician and, in this regard, the priority vector of development is not only the development of professional musical and pedagogical knowledge, skills and abilities, but also personal qualities. The research methodology is based on the use of comparative analysis and systematization of scientific-theoretical and musical-pedagogical knowledge on the research topic; cultural approach to the problem of studying the phenomenon of piano performance and intonation; hermeneutical approach to the interpretation of the concepts under study; pedagogical experience gained in the course of teaching students in the discipline “Musical and Instrumental Training” at pedagogical university. As a result of this research, the concept of educating the culture of piano performance and intonation is formulated. It is concluded that the culture of piano performance and intonation – is a complex integrative property of the personality, based on the individual style – intonation auditory experience of the individual. The field of application of the obtained results is the practical activity of a teacher-musician.

The expediency of interaction of the educational organization with the military units of the region in the process of military-patriotic education and pre-conscription training of young people for service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is substantiated. As an example, we consider the experience of the Derzhavin Tambov State University in the field of military-patriotic work with youth both at the university and in the region. We analyze the features and results of the work of the regional branch of the All-Russian military-patriotic movement “Young Army”, the regional center for pre-conscription training of youth and military-patriotic education, operating on the basis of the university; the federal project being implemented jointly with the military units of the Tambov garrison to create in the region military-patriotic centers “Avangard”, organize regional stages of the All-Russian military-patriotic games “Zarnitsa”, “Eaglet”, “Victory”. The author’s position is that the active participation of an educational institution in military-patriotic education and pre-conscription training of students of the university and the region in cooperation with the military units of the Tambov territorial garrison will allow not only to more effectively solve the problems of educating a citizen, patriot, defender of the Fatherland, but also to become non-traditional potential “growth point” of the university. The directions and mechanisms of interaction between the university and the military units of the Tambov garrison are described, the results of interaction in the field of military-patriotic education of students in the region are assessed.

The role and importance of information and communication infrastructure in the modern world is growing, which increases the relevance of studying the history of the formation and development of postal, telegraph and telephone communications in Russia, primarily regional features of the social component of this process. Based on interdisciplinary approaches, involving a wide range of historical sources, the work explores the problems of the postal, telegraph and telephone service in the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The issues of the number and staff of employees in communication institutions (post office, telegraph, telephone) of the Tambov Governorate are studied. We reveal the peculiarities and problems of the development of institutions staff of the postal and telegraph department. The problems of professional mobility of postal and telegraph employees are analyzed; the requirements for them, their official duties are described. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the social and economic life of the Russian province, the information and communication component began to play a prominent role, which was reflected in the increase in the number of communication institutions in the Tambov Governorate and employees in them. There were acute issues of human resourcing, first of all, qualified specialists. At the beginning of the 20th century the proportion of women who served in the institutions of the postal and telegraph department of the governorate increased.

The article is devoted to the history of women monasticism in the second half of the XIX and the beginning of XX century. The reasons and conditions of growing expansion for women religious and community movement are being explored. Among the reasons the following are considered: degradation of the system of traditional spiritual values (family, marriage, childhood, secularization of everyday life); decrease of marriage rates, caused by an outflow of the male population to military service and transformation of gender behavior, increase of education, personal identity and social activity of women. The named reasons are stratified in relation
to urban and rural female population. The Highest Manifesto on the Abolition of Serfdom of February 19, 1861, the final edition of which was made by St. Philaret (Drozdov), is considered as the main event that influenced the indicators of the quantitative growth of monastic cloisters, which predetermined systemic changes in the life of the state and society. On the basis of all-Russian and local examples, the process of modernization of the traditional communal order is traced, the loss of which was made up for by the communal (cenoby) way of life of the monastery. Statistical indicators of the growth of female monastic activity during the second half of the XIXth century are presented. Attention is focused on the issue of changing mentality under the influence of modernization, practicality, rationalism. The most influential force that changed the traditional mentality of the female part of the population of the Tambov province is characterized by otkhodniki. The testimonies of Russian writers are presented, confirming both the general decline of spiritual and moral values, and the desire to protect traditional spiritual values. The female monastery community is seen as a model for the successive preservation of traditional spiritual Orthodox values. Examples of the high devotion of women nuns of the 19th century are provided.

We actualize the historical experience of the gendarme police units of the railways. The role of the gendarme railway police in countering epidemics on the territory of the Kursk Governorate in the prewar years of the 19th century is examined: from the beginning of the first outbreaks of infectious diseases until 1914. An analysis of the affairs of the Kursk branch of the Moscow gendarme police department of railways in the period from 1893 to 1914 is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the relationship between outbreaks of epidemics and the attention of officials of the gendarme railway police to the sanitary and epidemiological situation on the railway lines, in conditions of mass movement of immigrants, while ensuring the safety of imperial trains. Based on archival materials, the experience of interdepartmental interaction of the officers of the gendarme railway police on the sanitary and epidemiological situation is shown. An assessment is given of interagency cooperation with medical, railway and other services in matters of sanitary and epidemiological safety at railway facilities. We show the significance of historical experience for the development of forms and models of the work of modern territorial authorities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in transport, including in the context of the prevention of a new coronavirus infection at the present stage.

We examine the activities of state, public and charitable organizations aimed at providing assistance to children of lower ranks, called for mobilization and underage refugees. We conduct a brief analysis of the evolution of assistance to children in the Russian Empire from the moment of the adoption of the Charter on Universal Military Service in 1874 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, during which, along with institutions that had established themselves earlier, organizations that owe their the appearance of military events began to provide assistance to children. The main directions of assistance to minors during the studied period are considered: the issuance of permanent benefits and lump sum payments, the creation of permanent shelters and seasonal nurseries, the organization of primary and labor education. We provide data on social support for orphans during the First World War of 1914–1918 both at the all-Russian and at the governorate level, which makes it possible to assess the options and possibilities of rendering assistance to such troubled children. The results of the study of the stated scientific problem made it possible to identify and evaluate not only the possibilities of a welfare state in the Russian Empire of early 20th century, but also bright pages of zemstvo support, charitable initiatives of provincial patrons, social service of various representatives of urban and rural societies. Military everyday life, like a litmus test, outlined the most typical manifestations of social support for orphans in imperial Russia of early 20th century, as well as elements of civil initiative and social self-organization of various representatives of the country’s population. The ethno-confessional possibilities of social support for soldiers’ children are clarified, as well as the organization of the work of agricultural shelters, nurseries and other social organizations and structures.

The work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of youth perception of the repressive policy of the Soviet regime. On the basis of the studied archival documents and periodicals materials of the Tambov Region, the main ways of adaptation of youth to the toughened system of political control are shown. We reveal the main motives for which young men and women took part in making denunciations. It is concluded that the majority of youth sincerely believed the statements of propaganda structures about the existence of countless “enemies of the people” and the need to expose them. However, there were those for whom terror became an opportunity to advance their careers or to satisfy their thirst for revenge. It is proved that in the youth environment a submissive type of political culture was developed, and deindividualization of consciousness was carried out. Fear for one’s own life spawned doublethink among the majority of those who disagreed with the party line. Nevertheless, the presence of critical and protest sentiments testifies to the existence of a personal perception of the phenomena of Soviet reality by young people, which significantly differed from official assessments.

We examine the process of restoring the cinema network of the Tambov Region in the post-war period. This process went gradually and quickly enough. And this is despite the fact that the Tambov Region, in fact, as well as the whole country experienced the severe consequences of the Great Patriotic War. It is proved that the cinema was given a great propaganda function and this art form was actively used by the authorities. During the considered period, films were filmed catastrophically little and not the least role played here by the ideology of the film repertoire. In the Tambov Region, in addition to feature films, agricultural short films and scientific films were shown on portable film projectors. As a matter of fact, this is due to the fact that in a short time it was necessary to restore the industry. Agricultural films carried cognitive and motivating functions. It was for this purpose during the planting and harvesting campaigns that collective farmers, employed in the fields, were provided with mobile cinema installations. It is noted that the authorities actively interfered not only in the process of film production, but also in provision of film-showing facilities. In particular, much attention was paid to how much money goes to the local budget. Measures have been taken to implement the approved plans. The failure to comply was condemned in every way, and in some cases the violators were punished.

The work is devoted to the issue of the social prestige of the professions of a documentalist and archivist in Russia. The prestige of the professions is indicated by the data of scientific publications and examples taken from the works of fiction and art, which are also a reflection of the public perceptions of each historical stage. Professions are formed simultaneously with the development of public administration, and their prestige depended on the level of the hierarchy at which a particular position was located. One of the highest posts in the state service of the Russian Empire was the position of personal secretary. A prestigious service was considered to be in the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs. In the 19th century the posts of secretary and state secretary were prestigious. In the first half of the 20th century, the replacement of old qualified personnel with ordinary workers takes place. In the second half of the 20th century we can talk about a certain rise in prestige by continuing to organize the scientific organization of labor, creating a powerful material, technical and legal basis that regulates records management and archiving. Currently, there are changes in the technology of working with documents related to digitalization, the emergence of new positions, the profession of documentalist is in demand and is more universal in comparison with the profession of archivist. On the basis of the analysis of the questionnaire of archivists, we identify the key factors of the prestige of the documentalist and archivist, among which the main ones are economic and social. A number of state-economic, vocational-educational and public measures are proposed to increase the prestige of professions.

The subject of the research is an essential theoretical understanding of the concept of détente, which is characteristic for the Soviet and American political elites. The relevance of the research is due to the crisis nature of the modern system of international relations, in the framework of which Russia is under pressure from Western countries, including the United States. In this regard, historical material relating to the cold war period can find its practical application, helping in the search for forms and methods of overcoming the current crisis. The methodology is based on historical-comparative and historical-system methods, as well as elements of linguistic, socio-psychological and semiotic methods. This work can be useful both for researchers whose field of activity is the study of the dynamics of Soviet-American interaction, and for political scientists interested in understanding the features of the modern system of international relations. The study highlights the contradictory nature of détente, as well as the relationship between its understanding by the political elites of superpowers and its viability. In addition, there are similarities in Moscow and Washington’s approaches to understanding the essence of détente, which helped the countries find common ground and make progress in developing a dialogue on disarmament issues.